safetyriskБезопасность и риск фармакотерапииSafety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy2312-78212619-1164Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)10.30895/2312-7821-2019-7-1-6-14safetyrisk-135Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSМеждународный мониторинг безопасности вакцинVaccine Safety International Monitoringhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9662-3701ДармостуковаМ. А.DarmostukovaM. A.

старший аналитик отдела экспертизы побочного действия МИБП Управления экспертизы безопасности лекарственных средств

Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051

Senior Analyst ofthe Department for Evaluation of MIBPs Side Effects of the Division for Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ Safety

8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051

Darmostukova@expmed.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7844-7043СнегиреваИ. И.SnegirevaI. I.

канд. мед. наук, начальник отдела экспертизы побочного действия МИБП Управления экспертизы безопасности лекарственных средств

Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department for Evaluation of MIBPs Side Effects of the Division for Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ Safety

8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051

SnegirevaII@expmed.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9514-6322ВельцН. Ю.VeltsN. Yu.

канд. биол. наук, доцент, старший аналитик отдела методологии экспертного анализа Управления экспертизы безопасности лекарственных средств 

Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051

Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Assistant Professor, Senior Analyst of the Department of Expert Analysis Methodology of the Division for Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ Safety

8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051

 

Velts@expmed.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2665-796XКазаковА. С.KazakovA. S.

канд. мед. наук, ведущий аналитик отдела методологии экспертного анализа Управления экспертизы безопасности лекарственных средств, Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051;

ассистент кафедры общей и клинической фармакологии РУДН, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6, Москва, 117198

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Leading Analyst of the Department of Expert Analysis Methodology of the Division for Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ Safety, 8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051;

Assoc. prof. of the Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198

KazakovAS@expmed.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4647-977XАляутдинР. Н.AlyautdinR. N.

д-р мед. наук, профессор, начальник Управления экспертизы безопасности лекарственных средств

Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051

Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Division for Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ Safety

8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051

 

Alyautdin@expmed.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияScientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal ProductsRussian FederationФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов»РоссияScientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products; Peoples' Friendship University of RussiaRussian Federation20192301201971614Copyright © Дармостукова М.А., Снегирева И.И., Вельц Н.Ю., Казаков А.С., Аляутдин Р.Н., 20192019Дармостукова М.А., Снегирева И.И., Вельц Н.Ю., Казаков А.С., Аляутдин Р.Н.Darmostukova M.A., Snegireva I.I., Velts N.Y., Kazakov A.S., Alyautdin R.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/view/135

Вопрос безопасности вакцин является важным аспектом массовой иммунизации населения, так как нежелательные реакции, возникшие после вакцинации, приводят к снижению уровня доверия к программам иммунизации. Целью работы явился анализ информации о результатах мониторинга побочных проявлений после иммунизации вакцинами, которые входят в национальные прививочные календари США, Европейского союза, Японии, Китая, Южной Кореи, Индии. Особое внимание в работе уделено к тем вакцинам, которые не включены в календарь прививок, но представлены в Российской Федерации.  Мониторинг информации в Европейском союзе, Японии и США позволил опровергнуть связь вакцинации против вируса папилломы человека с развитием аутоиммунных заболеваний. Мониторинг побочных проявлений после вакцинации ротавирусной вакциной I поколения в США, Европейском союзе и Индии позволил установить связь с развитием инвагинации кишечника и ограничить использование этой вакцины и рекомендовать вакцину II поколения. При противогриппозной вакцинации было выявлено поствакцинальное осложнение — нарколепсия, а при анализе осложнений менингококковой вакцинации — синдром Гийена–Барре. Также была проанализирована информация о различных осложнениях, связанных с вакцинацией против вирусного японского энцефалита, которая входит в национальные календари вакцинации стран Азии и Тихоокеанского региона — Китая, Индии, Японии, Южной Кореи. К основным осложнениям, зарегистрированным в Китае после введения вакцины против японского энцефалита в национальный прививочный календарь, относятся фебрильные судороги, тромбоцитопеническая пурпура, энцефалит и менингит. Проблемы безопасности вакцин, включенных в национальные календари вакцинации стран Европейского союза, США и Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона, касаются в первую очередь вакцин, которые относительно недавно появились на фармацевтическом рынке.

Vaccine safety is an important aspect of mass immunization of the population. Adverse reactions that occur following vaccination result in a decrease in public confidence. The aim of this research was to identify information on the development of adverse events after immunization with vaccines included into the national vaccination calendars of the USA, European Union (EU), Japan, China, South Korea and India. Particular attention was paid to vaccines that are not included in the vaccination calendar, but are presented in the Russian Federation. During monitoring of vaccination against human papillomavirus information in the European Union, Japan and the United States, according the possible connection with development of autoimmune diseases was refuted. Monitoring of adverse events after vaccination with rotavirus vaccine I generation in the USA, EU and India, allowed to establish a link with the development of intestine invagination and limit the use of this medicinal product in favor of vaccine II generation. After starting vaccination against influenza was detected narcolepsy as a complication of this procedure; and when analyzing the complications of meningococcal vaccination Guillain — Barre syndrome was detected. We also analyzed information on various complications associated with vaccination against Japanese viral encephalitis, which was included into the national vaccination calendar of countries in Asia and the Pacifi c region — China, India, Japan, and South Korea. The main complications registered in the PRC after the introduction of Japanese encephalitis vaccine into the national vaccination calendar included: febrile seizures, thrombocytopenic purpura, encephalitis and meningitis. The main safety concerns about vaccines included into the national vaccination calendars of EU countries, the USA and the Asia-Pacific region concern vaccines that have recently appeared on the pharmaceutical market.

вакциныфармаконадзор вакцинпобочные проявления после иммунизацииПППИVAERSротавирусная вакцинанарколепсиявакцина против вируса папилломы человекавакцина против вируса японского энцефалитаvaccinesvaccine pharmacovigilanceadverse events following immunizationAEFIVAERSrotavirus vaccinenarcolepsyhuman papillomavirus vaccineJapanese encephalitis virus vaccineРабота выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НЦЭСМП» Минздрава России № 056-00154-19-00 на проведение прикладных научных исследований (номер государственного учета НИР AAAA-A18-118021590048-3).The study reported in this publication was carried out as part of a publicly funded research project No. 056-00154-19-00 and was supported by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products (R&D public accounting No. AAAA-A18-118021590048-3).ReferencesАвдеева ЖИ, Алпатова НА, Бондарев ВП, Волкова РА, Лонская НИ, Лебединская ЕВ и др. Вакцины с адъювантами. Доклинические исследования. БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение. 2015;(1):15–20. https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2015-1-15-20Avdeeva ZI, Alpatova NA, Bondarev VP, Volkova RA, Lonskaya NI, Lebedinskaya EV, et al. Vaccines with adjuvants. Preclinical studies. BIOpreparaty. Profilaktika, diagnostika, lechenie= BIOpreparations. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment.2015;(1):15–20 (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2015-1-15-20Астахова АВ, Лепахин ВК. Лекарства. Неблагоприятные побочные реакции и контроль безопасности. М.: Эксмо; 2008.Astakhova AV, Lepakhin VK. Adverse drug reactions and safety controls. Moscow: Eksmo; 2008 (In Russ.)Медуницин НВ. Вакцинология. М.: Триада-Х; 2004.Medunitsin NV. Vaccinology. Moscow: Triada-X; 2004 (In Russ.)Снегирева ИИ, Затолочина КЭ, Дармостукова МА, Аляутдин РН, Романов БК. Современные подходы к взаимозаменяемости вакцин. Ведомости Научного центра экспертизы средств медицинского применения. 2016;(4):3–8.Snegireva II, Zatolochina KE, Darmostukova MA, Alyautdin RN, Romanov BK. Modern approaches to vaccines interchangeability. Vedomosti Nauchnogo tsentra ekspertizy sredstv meditsinskogo primeneniya = The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products. 2016;(4):3–8 (In Russ.)Rosenthal S, Chen R. The reporting sensitivities of two passive surveillance systems for vaccine adverse events. Am J Public Health. 1995;85(12):1706–9.Rosenthal S, Chen R. The reporting sensitivities of two passive surveillance systems for vaccine adverse events. Am J Public Health. 1995;85(12):1706–9.Stetler HC, Mullen JR, Brennan JP, Livengood JR, Orenstein WA, Hinman AR. Monitoring system for adverse events following immunization. Vaccine. 1987;5(3):169–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(87)90094-6Stetler HC, Mullen JR, Brennan JP, Livengood JR, Orenstein WA, Hinman AR. Monitoring system for adverse events following immunization. Vaccine. 1987;5(3):169–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(87)90094-6Zhou W, Pool V, Iskander JK, English-Bullard R, Ball R, Wise RP, et al. Surveillance for safety after immunisation: Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) — United States, 1991–2001. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2003;52(1):1–24.Zhou W, Pool V, Iskander JK, English-Bullard R, Ball R, Wise RP, et al. Surveillance for safety after immunisation: Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) — United States, 1991–2001. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2003;52(1):1–24.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Postmarketing monitoring of intussusception after RotaTeq vaccination — United States, February 1, 2006 — February 15, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56(10):218–22.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Postmarketing monitoring of intussusception after RotaTeq vaccination — United States, February 1, 2006 — February 15, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56(10):218–22.Haber P, Patel M, Izurieta HS, Baggs J, Gargiullo P, Weintraub E, et al. Postlicensure monitoring of intussusception after RotaTeq vaccination in the United States, February 1, 2006, to September 25, 2007. Pediatrics. 2008;121(6):1206–12. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3793Haber P, Patel M, Izurieta HS, Baggs J, Gargiullo P, Weintraub E, et al. Postlicensure monitoring of intussusception after RotaTeq vaccination in the United States, February 1, 2006, to September 25, 2007. Pediatrics. 2008;121(6):1206–12. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3793Kassim P, Eslick GD. Risk of intussusception following rotavirus vaccination: An evidence based meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies. Vaccine.2017;35(33):4276–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.064Kassim P, Eslick GD. Risk of intussusception following rotavirus vaccination: An evidence based meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies. Vaccine.2017;35(33):4276–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.064Murphy TV, Gargiullo PM, Massoudi MS, Nelson DB, Jumaan AO, Okoro CA, et al. Intussusception among infants given an oral rotavirus vaccine. N Engl J Med.2001;344(8):564–72. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200102223440804Murphy TV, Gargiullo PM, Massoudi MS, Nelson DB, Jumaan AO, Okoro CA, et al. Intussusception among infants given an oral rotavirus vaccine. N Engl J Med.2001;344(8):564–72. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200102223440804Murphy TV, Smith PJ, Gargiullo PM, Schwartz B. The first rotavirus vaccine and intussusception: epidemiological studies and policy decisions. J Infect Dis. 2003;187(8):1309–13. https://doi.org/10.1086/374420Murphy TV, Smith PJ, Gargiullo PM, Schwartz B. The first rotavirus vaccine and intussusception: epidemiological studies and policy decisions. J Infect Dis. 2003;187(8):1309–13. https://doi.org/10.1086/374420Koch J, Wiese-Posselt M, Remschmidt C, Wichmann O, Bertelsmann H, Garbe E, et al. Background paper to the recommendation for routine rotavirus vaccination of infants in Germany. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2013;56(7):957–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-013-1777-3Koch J, Wiese-Posselt M, Remschmidt C, Wichmann O, Bertelsmann H, Garbe E, et al. Background paper to the recommendation for routine rotavirus vaccination of infants in Germany. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2013;56(7):957–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-013-1777-3Kalaiselvan V, Thota P, Kumar V, Rathore MS, Thota A, Singh GN. Risk of intussusception with rotavirus vaccine. Indian J Pediatr. 2017;84(2):97– 100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-016-2230-zKalaiselvan V, Thota P, Kumar V, Rathore MS, Thota A, Singh GN. Risk of intussusception with rotavirus vaccine. Indian J Pediatr. 2017;84(2):97– 100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-016-2230-zWinstone AM, Stellitano L, Verity C, Andrews N, Miller E, Stowe J, Shneerson J. Clinical features of narcolepsy in children vaccinated with AS03 adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1 2009 infl uenza vaccine in England. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56(11):1117–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12522Winstone AM, Stellitano L, Verity C, Andrews N, Miller E, Stowe J, Shneerson J. Clinical features of narcolepsy in children vaccinated with AS03 adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1 2009 infl uenza vaccine in England. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56(11):1117–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12522Wijnans L, Lecomte C, de Vries C, Weibel D, Sammon C, Hviid A, et al. The incidence of narcolepsy in Europe: before, during, and after the influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 pandemic and vaccination campaigns. Vaccine. 2013;31(8):1246–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.015Wijnans L, Lecomte C, de Vries C, Weibel D, Sammon C, Hviid A, et al. The incidence of narcolepsy in Europe: before, during, and after the influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 pandemic and vaccination campaigns. Vaccine. 2013;31(8):1246–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.015Johansen K, Brasseur D, MacDonald N, Nohynek H, Vandeputte J, Wood D, et al. Where are we in our understanding of the association between narcolepsy and one of the 2009 adjuvanted influenza A (H1N1) vaccines? Biologicals. 2016;44(4):276–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.04.007Johansen K, Brasseur D, MacDonald N, Nohynek H, Vandeputte J, Wood D, et al. Where are we in our understanding of the association between narcolepsy and one of the 2009 adjuvanted influenza A (H1N1) vaccines? Biologicals. 2016;44(4):276–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.04.007Ito H, Noda K, Hirai K, Ukichi T, Furuya K, Kurosaka D. A case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) following Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi. 2016; 39(2):145–9. https://doi.org/10.2177/jsci.39.145Ito H, Noda K, Hirai K, Ukichi T, Furuya K, Kurosaka D. A case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) following Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi. 2016; 39(2):145–9. https://doi.org/10.2177/jsci.39.145Inokuma Y, Sato Y, Masuda S. Adverse event reporting patterns of marketing authorization holders, healthcare professionals and patients in Japan: lessons learnt from the human papilloma virus vaccine. Pharm Med. 2018;32(2):123–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40290-018-0230-1Inokuma Y, Sato Y, Masuda S. Adverse event reporting patterns of marketing authorization holders, healthcare professionals and patients in Japan: lessons learnt from the human papilloma virus vaccine. Pharm Med. 2018;32(2):123–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40290-018-0230-1Grimaldi-Bensouda L, Rossignol M, Koné-Paut I, Krivitzky A, Lebrun-Frenay C, Clet J, et al. Risk of autoimmune diseases and human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines: Six years of case-referent surveillance. J Autoimmun. 2017;79:84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2017.01.005Grimaldi-Bensouda L, Rossignol M, Koné-Paut I, Krivitzky A, Lebrun-Frenay C, Clet J, et al. Risk of autoimmune diseases and human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines: Six years of case-referent surveillance. J Autoimmun. 2017;79:84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2017.01.005Souayah N, Michas-Martin PA, Nasar A, Krivitskaya N, Yacoub HA, Khan H, Qureshi AI. Guillain-Barré syndrome after Gardasil vaccination: data from Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System 2006–2009. Vaccine. 2011;29(5):886–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.020Souayah N, Michas-Martin PA, Nasar A, Krivitskaya N, Yacoub HA, Khan H, Qureshi AI. Guillain-Barré syndrome after Gardasil vaccination: data from Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System 2006–2009. Vaccine. 2011;29(5):886–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.020Grimaldi-Bensouda L, Guillemot D, Godeau B, Bénichou J, Lebrun-Frenay C, Papeix C, et al. Autoimmune disorders and quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination of young female subjects. J Intern Med. 2014;275(4):398–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12155Grimaldi-Bensouda L, Guillemot D, Godeau B, Bénichou J, Lebrun-Frenay C, Papeix C, et al. Autoimmune disorders and quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination of young female subjects. J Intern Med. 2014;275(4):398–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12155Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: Guillain-Barré syndrome among recipients of Menactra meningococcal conjugate vaccine — United States, June 2005 — September 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55(43):1177.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: Guillain-Barré syndrome among recipients of Menactra meningococcal conjugate vaccine — United States, June 2005 — September 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55(43):1177.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: Guillain-Barré syndrome among recipients of Menactra meningococcal conjugate vaccine — United States, October 2005 — February 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55(13):364–6.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: Guillain-Barré syndrome among recipients of Menactra meningococcal conjugate vaccine — United States, October 2005 — February 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006;55(13):364–6.Velentgas P, Amato AA, Bohn RL, Chan KA, Cochrane T, Funch DP, et al. Risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after meningococcal conjugate vaccination. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2012;21(12):1350–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.3321Velentgas P, Amato AA, Bohn RL, Chan KA, Cochrane T, Funch DP, et al. Risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after meningococcal conjugate vaccination. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2012;21(12):1350–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.3321Yuan X. China’s vaccine production scare. Lancet. 2018;392(10145):371. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31725-2Yuan X. China’s vaccine production scare. Lancet. 2018;392(10145):371. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31725-2Qian Zhecheng. China panics over substandard vaccine scandal. Sixth Tone. 2018.Qian Zhecheng. China panics over substandard vaccine scandal. Sixth Tone. 2018.Ye Y, Wang CS, Ma YT, Lu MX, Zhang XX, Zhang YY, Guo WS. Surveillance of adverse events following immunization in Henan Province, China between 2010–2011. CJCP. 2013;15(6):466–71.Ye Y, Wang CS, Ma YT, Lu MX, Zhang XX, Zhang YY, Guo WS. Surveillance of adverse events following immunization in Henan Province, China between 2010–2011. CJCP. 2013;15(6):466–71.Wu W, Wang H, Li K, Pekka Nuorti J, Liu D, Xu D, et al. Recipient vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in China, 2010–2015. Vaccine. 2018;36(9):1209–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.019Wu W, Wang H, Li K, Pekka Nuorti J, Liu D, Xu D, et al. Recipient vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in China, 2010–2015. Vaccine. 2018;36(9):1209–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.019Wu W, Liu D, Li K, Nuorti JP, Nohynek HM, Xu D, et al. Post-marketing safety surveillance for inactivated and live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccines in China, 2008–2013. Vaccine. 2017;35(29):3666–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.021Wu W, Liu D, Li K, Nuorti JP, Nohynek HM, Xu D, et al. Post-marketing safety surveillance for inactivated and live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccines in China, 2008–2013. Vaccine. 2017;35(29):3666–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.021Heffelfinger JD, Li X, Batmunkh N, Grabovac V, Diorditsa S, Liyanage JB, et al. Japanese encephalitis: surveillance and immunization in Asia and the Western Pacific, 2016. Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2017;92(23):323–31.Heffelfinger JD, Li X, Batmunkh N, Grabovac V, Diorditsa S, Liyanage JB, et al. Japanese encephalitis: surveillance and immunization in Asia and the Western Pacific, 2016. Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2017;92(23):323–31.Boo Young Kim, Dong Hyun Kim, Hun Jae Lee, Soo Kyung Jung, Xiao Shan Li, Un Yeong Go, et al. Investigation on the frequency and severity of common adverse reactions of Japanese encephalitis vaccines. Korean J Pediatr Infect Dis. 2009;16(2):183–90. https://doi.org/10.14776/kjpid.2009.16.2.183Boo Young Kim, Dong Hyun Kim, Hun Jae Lee, Soo Kyung Jung, Xiao Shan Li, Un Yeong Go, et al. Investigation on the frequency and severity of common adverse reactions of Japanese encephalitis vaccines. Korean J Pediatr Infect Dis. 2009;16(2):183–90. https://doi.org/10.14776/kjpid.2009.16.2.183Muta H, Nagai T, Ito Y, Ihara T, Nakayama T. Effect of age on the incidence of aseptic meningitis following immunization with monovalent mumps vaccine. Vaccine. 2015;33(45):6049–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.068Muta H, Nagai T, Ito Y, Ihara T, Nakayama T. Effect of age on the incidence of aseptic meningitis following immunization with monovalent mumps vaccine. Vaccine. 2015;33(45):6049–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.068

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.