<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">safetyrisk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2312-7821</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1164</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/2312-7821-2019-7-2-84-92</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">safetyrisk-137</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анализ информации об осложнениях фармакотерапии и оценка возможности выявления сигнала  о нежелательных реакциях при применении препаратов интерферона бета</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Interferon Beta: Analysis of Information on Adverse Reactions and Evaluation of Possibility of Signal Identification</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0925-0623</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Затолочина</surname><given-names>К. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zatolochina</surname><given-names>K. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Затолочина Карина Эдуардовна, кандидат медицинских наук </p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Karina E. Zatolochina, Candidate of Medical Sciences </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">w00100@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7844-7043</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Снегирева</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Snegireva</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Снегирева Ирина Илларионовна, кандидат медицинских наук </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina I. Snegireva, Candidate of Medical Sciences</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">SnegirevaII@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2665-796X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казаков</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazakov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Казаков Александр Сергеевич, кандидат медицинских наук </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander S. Kazakov, Candidate of Medical Sciences</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">KazakovAS@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3706-7271</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лепахин</surname><given-names>В. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lepakhin</surname><given-names>V. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лепахин Владимир Константинович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir K. Lepakhin, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Full Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Lepakhin@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения»&#13;
Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов»&#13;
&#13;
Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения»&#13;
Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia;&#13;
&#13;
Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>03</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>84</fpage><lpage>92</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Затолочина К.Э., Снегирева И.И., Казаков А.С., Лепахин В.К., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Затолочина К.Э., Снегирева И.И., Казаков А.С., Лепахин В.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zatolochina K.E., Snegireva I.I., Kazakov A.S., Lepakhin V.K.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/view/137">https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/view/137</self-uri><abstract><p>Рассеянный склероз является одним  из наиболее распространенных неврологических заболеваний людей трудоспособного возраста. Для  предотвращения обострений и прогрессирования рассеянного склероза на протяжении последних 20 лет широко применяются препараты, изменяющие течение рассеянного склероза. Статья посвящена проблемам безопасности терапии рассеянного склероза препаратами интерферона бета.  Цель работы: анализ  информации о нежелательных реакциях, развившихся на  фоне  применения препаратов интерферона бета,  и оценка возможности выявления сигнала о редких нежелательных реакциях на основании данных спонтанной отчетности. Проведен ретроспективный анализ сообщений о нежелательных реакциях, развившихся после  применения интерферона бета-1а, интерферона бета-1b. Полученные результаты подтверждают известные риски развития нежелательных реакций (общих расстройств и нарушений в месте введения препарата, неврологических нарушений, нарушений со стороны скелетно-мышечной системы и психики) и неэффективности данной группы препаратов. Выводы: выявлено недостаточное репортирование о случаях нежелательных реакций при  применении препаратов интерферона бета, установлен высокий удельный вес сообщений от фармацевтических компаний. Информация о серьезных нежелательных реакциях при  применении интерферона бета-1а присутствовала в 52,9 % поступивших спонтанных сообщений, при  применении интерферона бета-1b — в 29,4 %. Все нежелательные реакции были  предвиденными. Результаты исследования подтвердили возможность выявления сигналов, связанных с возникновением очень  частых, частых, а также нечастых нежелательных реакций, таких как тромбоцитопения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Multiple sclerosis is  one  of  the  most common neurological diseases of  working age population. The last 20 years widely use drugs that change the  course of multiple sclerosis. The article is devoted to the  problems of the  safety of treatment of multiple sclerosis with interferon beta  drugs. The aim of the study was to analyze the  adverse drug reactions (ADRs)  of interferon beta  medicines and  the  assessment of the  possibility of identify signals on rare adverse drug reactions based  on spontaneous reporting data. A retrospective analysis of reports of ADRs that occur after the  use of interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b was performed. The results confirm the known risks of developing ADRs of this group of drugs: general disorders and administration site conditions, nervous system disorders, musculoskeletal and  connective tissue disorders and psychiatric disorders. Under-reporting of ADR  was  identified, high level  reporting rate from manufacturers was  detected. A significant number of received spontaneous reports contained information about serious ADRs  (52.9 % — for  interferon beta-1a; 29.4 % — for  interferon beta-1b). All ADRs corresponded to those specified in the  instructions for  medical use of drugs. The results of the  study confirmed the  possibility of identifying signals associated with the  occurrence of very common, common, and uncommon ADRs, such  as thrombocytopenia.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>интерферон бета</kwd><kwd>нежелательная реакция</kwd><kwd>рассеянный склероз</kwd><kwd>сигнал</kwd><kwd>тромботическая микроангиопатия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>interferon beta</kwd><kwd>adverse reaction</kwd><kwd>multiple sclerosis</kwd><kwd>signal</kwd><kwd>thrombotic microangiopathy</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена без спонсорской поддержки.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The study was performed without external funding.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rae-Grant A, Day GS, Marrie RA, Rabinstein A, Cree BAC, Gronseth GS, et al. Practice guideline recommendations summary: Disease-modifying therapies for adults with multiple sclerosis: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2018;90(17);777–88. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005347</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rae-Grant A,  Day  GS,  Marrie RA,  Rabinstein A, Cree BAC, Gronseth GS, et al. Practice guideline recommendations summary: Disease-modifying therapies for adults with multiple sclerosis: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and  Implementation Subcommittee of the  American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2018;90(17);777–88. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005347</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ekstein D, Linetsky E, Abramsky O, Karussis D. Polyneuropathy associated with interferon beta treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2005;65(3):456–8. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000171858.82527.4c</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ekstein D,  Linetsky E,  Abramsky O, Karussis D. Polyneuropathy  associated with  interferon  beta treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2005;65(3):456–8. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000171858.82527.4c</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tremlett HL, Yoshida EM, Oger J. Liver injury associated with the beta-interferons for MS: a comparison between the three products. Neurology. 2004;62(4):628–31. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.62.4.628</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tremlett HL, Yoshida EM, Oger J. Liver injury associated with the  beta-interferons for  MS:  a comparison  between the   three  products.  Neurology. 2004;62(4):628–31. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.62.4.628</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Francis GS, Grumser Y, Alteri E, Micaleff A, O’Brien F, Alsop J, et al. Hepatic reactions during treatment of multiple sclerosis with interferon-β-1a: incidence and clinical significance. Drug Saf. 2003;26(11):815–27. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200326110-00006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Francis  GS,   Grumser  Y,   Alteri  E,   Micaleff A, O’Brien F, Alsop  J, et al.  Hepatic reactions during treatment of  multiple sclerosis with interferon-β-1a:  incidence and  clinical significance. Drug  Saf. 2003;26(11):815–27. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200326110-00006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and the University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 1995;45(7):1277–85. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.45.7.1277</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The  IFNB  Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and  the University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Interferon beta-1b in the  treatment of multiple  sclerosis: final  outcome of  the   randomized controlled trial.  Neurology. 1995;45(7):1277–85. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.45.7.1277</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, Herndon RM, Richert JR, Salazar AM, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Ann Neurol. 1996;39(3):285–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410390304</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jacobs LD,  Cookfair DL,  Rudick RA,  Herndon RM, Richert JR, Salazar AM, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Ann Neurol. 1996;39(3):285–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410390304</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon β-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon β-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 1998;352(9139):1498–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)03334-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">PRISMS  (Prevention   of   Relapses  and    Disability  by Interferon β-1a  Subcutaneously in  Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study  of   interferon  β-1a   in relapsing/remitting   multiple  sclerosis.  Lancet. 1998;352(9139):1498–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)03334-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon-β-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group, University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. PRISMS-4: long-term efficacy of interferon-β-1a in relapsing MS. Neurology. 2001;56(12):1628–36. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.56.12.1628</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and  Disability by Interferon-β-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis)  Study Group, University of  British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. PRISMS-4: long-term efficacy of interferon-β-1a in  relapsing MS.  Neurology. 2001;56(12):1628–36. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.56.12.1628</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kappos L, Polman CH, Freedman MS, Edan G, Hartung HP, Miller DH, et al. Treatment with interferon beta-1b delays conversion to clinically definite and McDonald MS in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology. 2006;67(7):1242–49. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000237641.33768.8d</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kappos L, Polman CH, Freedman MS, Edan G, Hartung HP, Miller DH, et al. Treatment with interferon beta-1b delays conversion to  clinically definite and  McDonald MS in  patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Neurology. 2006;67(7):1242–49. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000237641.33768.8d</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH, Kinkel RP, Brownscheidle CM, Murray TJ, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:898–904. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200009283431301</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH, Kinkel RP, Brownscheidle CM, Murray TJ, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:898–904. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200009283431301</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patten SB, Francis G, Metz LM, Lopez-Bresnahan M, Chang P, Curtin F. The relationship between depression and interferon beta-1a therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2005;11(2):175–81. https://doi.org/10.1191/1352458505ms1144oa</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patten SB, Francis G, Metz LM, Lopez-Bresnahan M, Chang P, Curtin F. The relationship between depression and interferon beta-1a therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler.  2005;11(2):175–81. https://doi.org/10.1191/1352458505ms1144oa</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alba Palé L, León Caballero J, Samsó Buxareu B, Salgado Serrano P, Pérez Solà V. Systematic review of depression in patients with multiple sclerosis and its relationship to interferonβ treatment. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017;17:138–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2017.07.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alba  Palé  L,  León  Caballero J, Samsó  Buxareu B, Salgado Serrano P, Pérez Solà V. Systematic review of  depression in  patients  with multiple sclerosis and  its relationship to interferonβ treatment. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017;17:138–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2017.07.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solaro C, Gamberini G, Masuccio FG. Depression in multiple sclerosis: epidemiology, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. CNS Drugs. 2018;32(2):117–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-018-0489-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solaro C, Gamberini G, Masuccio FG. Depression in multiple sclerosis: epidemiology, aetiology, diagnosis and  treatment. CNS Drugs. 2018;32(2):117–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-018-0489-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikfar S, Rahimi R, Abdollahi M. A meta-analysis of the efficacy and tolerability of interferon-β in multiple sclerosis, overall and by drug and disease type. Clin Ther. 2010;32(11):1871–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.10.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikfar S, Rahimi R, Abdollahi M. A meta-analysis of  the  efficacy and  tolerability of  interferon-β in multiple sclerosis, overall and  by drug and  disease type. Clin Ther.  2010;32(11):1871–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.10.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bertolotto A, Gilli F, Sala A, Capobianco M, Malucchi S, Milano E, et al. Persistent neutralizing antibodies abolish the interferon β bioavailability in MS patients. Neurology. 2003;60(4):634–9. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000046662.03894.C5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bertolotto A, Gilli F, Sala A, Capobianco M, Malucchi S, Milano E, et al. Persistent neutralizing antibodies abolish the interferon β bioavailability in MS patients. Neurology. 2003;60(4):634–9. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000046662.03894.C5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sorensen PS, Koch-Henriksen N, Ross C, Clemmesen KM, Bendtzen K, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Appearance and disappearance of neutralizing antibodies during interferon-beta therapy. Neurology. 2005;65(1):33–9. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000166049.51502.6A</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sorensen PS,   Koch-Henriksen N,  Ross   C,  Clemmesen KM,  Bendtzen K,  Danish Multiple Sclerosis  Study Group. Appearance and   disappearance of  neutralizing antibodies during interferon-beta therapy. Neurology. 2005;65(1):33–9. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000166049.51502.6A</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hunt D, Kavanagh D, Drummond I, Weller B, Bellamy C, Overell J, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with interferon beta. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(13):1270–1. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1316118</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hunt D, Kavanagh D, Drummond I, Weller B, Bellamy  C, Overell J, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathy  associated with interferon beta. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(13):1270–1. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1316118</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olea T, Díaz-Mancebo R, Picazo ML, Martínez-Ara J, Robles A, Selgas R. Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with use of interferon-beta. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2012;5:97–100. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S30194</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olea  T,  Díaz-Mancebo  R,   Picazo  ML,   Martínez-Ara  J, Robles A, Selgas R.  Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with use of interferon-beta. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2012;5:97–100. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJNRD.S30194</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kavanagh D, McGlasson S, Jury A, Williams J, Scolding N, Bellamy C, et al. Type I interferon causes thrombotic microangiopathy by a dosedependent toxic effect on the microvasculature. Blood. 2016;128(24):2824–33. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-05-715987</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kavanagh D,  McGlasson S,  Jury A,  Williams J, Scolding N,  Bellamy C,  et  al.  Type  I  interferon causes  thrombotic  microangiopathy  by   a   dosedependent toxic effect on  the   microvasculature. Blood. 2016;128(24):2824–33. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-05-715987</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koudriavtseva T, Plantone D, Renna R, Mandoj C, Giannarelli D, Mainero C. Interferon-β therapy and risk of thrombocytopenia in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurol Sci. 2015;36(12):2263–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-015-2348-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koudriavtseva T, Plantone D, Renna R, Mandoj C, Giannarelli  D,  Mainero  C.  Interferon-β  therapy and   risk  of   thrombocytopenia  in   multiple  sclerosis  patients.  Neurol Sci.   2015;36(12):2263–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-015-2348-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Segal JB, Powe NR. Prevalence of immune thrombocytopenia: analyses of administrative data. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(11):2377–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02147.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Segal    JB,  Powe    NR.    Prevalence   of    immune thrombocytopenia:   analyses   of    administrative data.  J  Thromb Haemost.  2006;4(11):2377–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02147.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Papani R, Duarte AG, Lin YL, Kuo YF, Sharma G. Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with interferon therapy: a population-based study. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2017;12:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40248-016-0082-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papani R,   Duarte AG,   Lin   YL,  Kuo   YF,   Sharma   G.   Pulmonary  arterial   hypertension  associated  with  interferon   therapy:  a   population-based   study. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2017;12:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40248-016-0082-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Снегирева ИИ, Пастернак ЕЮ, Затолочина КЭ, Дармостукова МА, Аляутдин РН, Поливанов ВА. Проблема взаимозаменяемости интерферонов системного действия для лечения рассеянного склероза. Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии. 2017;5(4):161–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Snegireva II, Pasternak   EYu,  Zatolochina  KE,   Darmostukova  MA,  Alyautdin RN,  Polivanov VA.  Problems of  interchangeability of  systemic interferons  for treatment of  multiple sclerosis. Safety and  risk of  pharmacotherapy.  Bezopasnost’ i  risk   farmakoterapii = Safety and  Risk of Pharmacotherapy. 2017;5(4):161–9 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Солдатов АА, Авдеева ЖИ, Олефир ЮВ, Меркулов ВА, Бондарев ВП. Безопасность биологических препаратов. Сообщение 2. Проблемы безопасности биоподобных препаратов. БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение. 2016;16(2):78–89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soldatov  AA,   Avdeeva ZhI, Olefir YuV, Merkulov VA, Bondarev VP. The safety of biological preparations. Part 2. Safety issues of biosimilars.  BIOpreparaty. Profilaktika,  diagnostika, lechenie = BIOpreparations. Prevention, Diagnosis,  Treatment. 2016;16(2):78–89 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хабиров ФА, Бабичева НН, Хайбуллин ТИ, Аверьянова ЛА, Гранатов ЕВ, Ахмедова ГМ. Опыт применения биоаналога интерферона бета-1b для лечения рассеянного склероза. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуски. 2012;112(9):113–22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khabirov  FA, Babicheva NN, Khaibullin TI, Averyanova LA, Granatov EV, Akhmedova GM. Biosimilar of interferon-beta 1b in the  treatment of multiple sclerosis and  the  own experience in the  use of ronbetal. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. Special issues = S.S.  Korsakov Journal  of  Neurology and  Psychiatry. Special issues. 2012;112(9):113–22 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tóthfalusi L, Endrényi L, Chow SC. Statistical and regulatory considerations in assessments of interchangeability of biological drug products. Eur J Health Econ. 2014;15(Suppl 1):5–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-014-0589-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tóthfalusi  L,   Endrényi   L,   Chow   SC.   Statistical  and  regulatory considerations in  assessments of   interchangeability  of   biological  drug   products. Eur  J Health Econ. 2014;15(Suppl 1):5–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-014-0589-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
