<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">safetyrisk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2312-7821</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1164</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/2312-7821-2021-9-3-144-153</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">safetyrisk-233</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анализ нежелательных реакций у пожилых пациентов с использованием количественных методов выявления сигналов о безопасности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Analysis of Adverse Reactions in Elderly Patients Based on Quantitative Methods of Signal Detection</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0925-0623</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Затолочина</surname><given-names>К. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zalolochina</surname><given-names>K. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Затолочина Карина Эдуардовна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6, Москва, 117198, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Karina E. Zatolochina, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">w00100@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4165-1726</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ушкалова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ushkalova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ушкалова Елена Андреевна, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6, Москва, 117198, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Ushkalova, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2665-796X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казаков</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazakov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Казаков Александр Сергеевич, канд. мед. наук</p><p>ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6, Москва, 117198, Российская Федерация</p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander S. Kazakov, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation</p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd, Moscow 127051, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-6867</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зырянов</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zyryanov</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зырянов Сергей Кенсаринович, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6, Москва, 117198, Российская Федерация</p><p>ул. Писцовая, д. 10, Москва, 127015, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey K. Zyryanov, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation</p><p>10 Pistsovaya St., Moscow 127015, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поливанов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polivanov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Поливанов Виталий Анатольевич</p><p>Славянская пл., д. 4, стр. 1, Москва, 109012, Российская Федерация</p><p>SPIN-код РИНЦ: 1699-3254</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vitaliy A. Polivanov</p><p>4/1 Slavyanskaya Sq., Moscow 109012, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов»; Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia; Scientifc Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов»; Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения «Городская клиническая больница № 24 Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia; City Clinical Hospital No. 24 of the Moscow City Health Department<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Информационно-методический центр по экспертизе, учету и анализу обращения средств медицинского применения» Росздравнадзора<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Information and Methodological Center for Expert Evaluation, Recording and Analysis of Circulation of Medical Products<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>144</fpage><lpage>153</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Затолочина К.Э., Ушкалова Е.А., Казаков А.С., Зырянов С.К., Поливанов В.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Затолочина К.Э., Ушкалова Е.А., Казаков А.С., Зырянов С.К., Поливанов В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zalolochina K.E., Ushkalova E.A., Kazakov A.S., Zyryanov S.K., Polivanov V.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/view/233">https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/view/233</self-uri><abstract><p>Увеличение рисков развития нежелательных реакций у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста по сравнению с более молодыми — известная проблема фармакотерапии. Российская база данных фармаконадзора содержит значительное количество индивидуальных спонтанных сообщений о нежелательной реакции, касающихся пациентов 65 лет и старше. Рост репортирования о нежелательных реакциях делает затруднительным выявление сигналов о безопасности лекарственных средств исключительно на основе качественных подходов, что ведет к необходимости использования статистических методов выявления сигналов на основе диспропорциональности.</p><sec><title>Цель работы</title><p>Цель работы: оценка возможности использования количественных методов выявления сигналов о безопасности и анализ рисков развития нежелательных реакций у пожилых пациентов по данным спонтанных сообщений, поступивших в отечественную базу данных.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: в исследование была включена информация, поступившая в базу спонтанных сообщений с января 2008 г. по июнь 2018 г. о пациентах в возрасте 65 лет и старше. Для выявления потенциальных статистических сигналов о безопасности использовалась методика, рекомендованная Европейским агентством по лекарственным средствам. Потенциальные статистические сигналы соответствовали следующим критериям: коэффициент отношения шансов репортирования (Reporting Odds Ratio, ROR) — нижняя граница 95% доверительного интервала &gt;1, число случаев ≥2; коэффициент пропорциональности репортирования (Proportional Reporting Ratio, PRR): PRR≥2, критерий χ 2 Пирсона ≥4, число случаев ≥3 и нижняя граница 95% доверительного интервала ≥1, число случаев ≥3.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: идентифицирован 2231 потенциальный статистический сигнал. Подавляющее большинство комбинаций подозреваемых лекарственных средств и нежелательных реакций оказалось связано с известными рисками применения лекарственных средств и не являлось новыми сигналами о безопасности для этих препаратов. Наибольшее число статистических сигналов идентифицировано для следующих фармакологических групп: антиагреганты, цефалоспорины, нестероидные противовоспалительные средства, фторхинолоны, ингибиторы ангиотензинпревращающего фермента, метаболические средства, антикоагулянты непрямого действия.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: полученные результаты позволяют констатировать применимость и эффективность статистических методов, основанных на диспропорциональности отчетности, для анализа российской базы спонтанных сообщений с целью выявления статистических сигналов о безопасности.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A well-known problem in pharmacotherapy is an increased risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in older as compared to younger patients. The Russian pharmacovigilance database includes a significant number of spontaneous reports of suspected ADRs in patients aged 65 and older. An increase in ADRs reporting makes it difficult to identify potential safety signals based on qualitative approaches only, which necessitates the use of statistical methods for signal detection based on disproportionality.</p><p>The aim of the study was to assess the applicability of quantitative methods for signal detection and analysis of ADR risks in the elderly using the Russian spontaneous report database.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods: the study covered the reports on patients 65 years of age and older, which were submitted to the spontaneous report database from January 2008 until June 2018. The procedure recommended by the European Medicines Agency was used to identify potential statistical safety signals which were determined based on the following criteria: Reporting Odds Ratio, ROR—lower bound of the 95% confidence interval &gt;1, number of cases ≥2; Proportional Reporting Ratio, PRR ≥ 2, Chi-square value χ2 ≥ 4, number of cases ≥3, lower bound of the 95% confidence interval &gt;1, number of cases ≥3.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: 2231 potential statistical signals were identified. Of these, the vast majority of combinations of suspected drugs and ADRs were associated with known drug risks, and were not new safety signals for these drugs. The largest proportion of statistical signals was attributed to the following pharmacological groups: antiplatelet agents, cephalosporins, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, fluoroquinolones, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, metabolic agents, and indirect anticoagulants.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: the results obtained indicate the applicability and effectiveness of statistical methods based on disproportionality of reporting for the analysis of the Russian spontaneous report database in order to identify potential drug safety issues.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фармаконадзор</kwd><kwd>спонтанное сообщение</kwd><kwd>сигнал</kwd><kwd>нежелательная реакция</kwd><kwd>пожилые пациенты</kwd><kwd>анализ диспропорциональности</kwd><kwd>коэффициент отношения шансов репортирования</kwd><kwd>коэффициент пропорциональности репортирования</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pharmacovigilance</kwd><kwd>spontaneous report</kwd><kwd>signal</kwd><kwd>adverse drug reaction</kwd><kwd>elderly patients</kwd><kwd>disproportionality analysis</kwd><kwd>Reporting Odds Ratio</kwd><kwd>Proportional Reporting Ratio</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена без спонсорской поддержки.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The study was performed without external funding.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pham CB, Dickman RL. Minimizing adverse drug events in older patients. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76(12):1837–44. PMID: 18217523</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pham CB, Dickman RL. Minimizing adverse drug events in older patients. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76(12):1837–44. PMID: 18217523</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ушкалова ЕА, Ткачева ОН, Рунихина НК, Чухарева НА, Бевз АЮ. Особенности фармакотерапии у пожилых пациентов. Введение в проблему. Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2016;12(1):94–100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ushkalova EA, Tkacheva ON, Runikhina NK, Chukhareva NA, Bevz AYu. Features of pharmacotherapy in the elderly patients. Introduction to the problem. Ratsional’naya farmakoterapiya v kardiologii = Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2016;12(1):94–100 (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.20996/1819-6446-2016-12-1-94-100</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лепахин ВК, Романов БК, Торопова ИА. Анализ сообщений о нежелательных реакциях на лекарственные средства. Ведомости Научного центра экспертизы средств медицинского применения. 2012;(1):22–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lepakhin VK, Romanov BK, Toropova IA. The analysis of reports on adverse drug reactions. Vedomosti Nauchnogo tsentra ekspertizy sredstv meditsinskogo primeneniya = The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products. 2012;(1):22–5 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Журавлева ЕО, Вельц НЮ, Кутехова ГВ, Дармостукова МА, Аляутдин РН. Сигнал как инструмент системы фармаконадзора. Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии. 2018;6(2):61–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuravleva EO, Velts NYu, Kutekhova GV, Darmostukova MA, Alyautdin RN. Signal as a tool of the pharmacovigilance. Bezopasnost’ i risk farmakoterapii = Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy. 2018;6(2):61–7 (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2018-6-2-61-67</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans SJ, Waller PC, Davis S. Use of proportional reporting ratios (PRRs) for signal generation from spontaneous adverse drug reaction reports. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2001;10(6):483–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.677</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans SJ, Waller PC, Davis S. Use of proportional reporting ratios (PRRs) for signal generation from spontaneous adverse drug reaction reports. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2001;10(6):483–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.677</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bate A, Lindquist M, Edwards IR, Olsson S, Orre R, Lansner A, et al. A Bayesian neural network method for adverse drug reaction signal generation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;54(4):315–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002280050466</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bate A, Lindquist M, Edwards IR, Olsson S, Orre R, Lansner A, et al. A Bayesian neural network method for adverse drug reaction signal generation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;54(4):315–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002280050466</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duggirala HJ, Tonning JM, Smith E, Bright RA, Baker JD, Ball R, et al. Use of data mining at the Food and Drug Administration. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2016;23(2):428–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocv063</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duggirala HJ, Tonning JM, Smith E, Bright RA, Baker JD, Ball R, et al. Use of data mining at the Food and Drug Administration. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2016;23(2):428–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocv063</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lindquist M, Stahl M, Bate A, Edwards IR, Meyboom RHB. A retrospective evaluation of a data mining approach to aid finding new adverse drug reaction signals in the WHO international database. Drug Saf. 2000;23(6):533–42. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200023060-00004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lindquist M, Stahl M, Bate A, Edwards IR, Meyboom RHB. A retrospective evaluation of a data mining approach to aid finding new adverse drug reaction signals in the WHO international database. Drug Saf. 2000;23(6):533–42. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200023060-00004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olsen MA, Stwalley D, Demont C, Dubberke ER. Increasing age has limited impact on risk of Clostridium difficile infection in an elderly population. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(7):ofy160. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy160</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olsen MA, Stwalley D, Demont C, Dubberke ER. Increasing age has limited impact on risk of Clostridium difficile infection in an elderly population. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(7):ofy160. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy160</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roberts E, Delgado Nunes V, Buckner S, Latchem S, Constanti M, Miller P, et al. Paracetamol: not as safe as we thought? A systematic literature review of observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(3):552–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206914</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roberts E, Delgado Nunes V, Buckner S, Latchem S, Constanti M, Miller P, et al. Paracetamol: not as safe as we thought? A systematic literature review of observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(3):552–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206914</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wise J. True risks of paracetamol may be underestimated, say researchers. BMJ. 2015;350:h1186. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h1186</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wise J. True risks of paracetamol may be underestimated, say researchers. BMJ. 2015;350:h1186. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h1186</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">García Rodríguez LA, Hernández-Díaz S. Relative risk of upper gastrointestinal complications among users of acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Epidemiology. 2001;12(5):570–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200109000-00018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">García Rodríguez LA, Hernández-Díaz S. Relative risk of upper gastrointestinal complications among users of acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Epidemiology. 2001;12(5):570–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200109000-00018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahme E, Barkun A, Nedjar H, Gaugris S, Watson D. Hospitalizations for upper and lower GI events associated with traditional NSAIDs and acetaminophen among the elderly in Quebec, Canada. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(4):872–82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahme E, Barkun A, Nedjar H, Gaugris S, Watson D. Hospitalizations for upper and lower GI events associated with traditional NSAIDs and acetaminophen among the elderly in Quebec, Canada. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(4):872–82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waddington F, Naunton M, Thomas J. Paracetamol and analgesic nephropathy: are you kidneying me? Int Med Case Rep J. 2014;8:1–5. https://doi.org/10.2147/IMCRJ.S71471</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waddington F, Naunton M, Thomas J. Paracetamol and analgesic nephropathy: are you kidneying me? Int Med Case Rep J. 2014;8:1–5. https://doi.org/10.2147/IMCRJ.S71471</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans M, Fored CM, Bellocco R, Fitzmaurice G, Fryzek JP, McLaughlin JK, et al. Acetaminophen, aspirin and progression of advanced chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(6):1908–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn745</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans M, Fored CM, Bellocco R, Fitzmaurice G, Fryzek JP, McLaughlin JK, et al. Acetaminophen, aspirin and progression of advanced chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(6):1908–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn745</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sudano I, Flammer AJ, Périat D, Enseleit F, Hermann M, Wolfrum M, et al. Acetaminophen increases blood pressure in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2010;122(18):1789–96. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.956490</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sudano I, Flammer AJ, Périat D, Enseleit F, Hermann M, Wolfrum M, et al. Acetaminophen increases blood pressure in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2010;122(18):1789–96. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.956490</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chung YT, Chou CY, Tsai WC, Chen WK, Lin CL, Chung WS. Acetaminophen poisoning may increase coronary artery disease risk: a nationwide cohort study. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2018;18(4):386–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-017-9442-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chung YT, Chou CY, Tsai WC, Chen WK, Lin CL, Chung WS. Acetaminophen poisoning may increase coronary artery disease risk: a nationwide cohort study. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2018;18(4):386–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-017-9442-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">García Rodríguez LA, Hernández-Díaz S. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs as a trigger of clinical heart failure. Epidemiology. 2003;14(2):240–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000034633.74133.c3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">García Rodríguez LA, Hernández-Díaz S. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs as a trigger of clinical heart failure. Epidemiology. 2003;14(2):240–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000034633.74133.c3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matthews K, Nazroo J, Whillans J. The consequences of self-reported vision change in later-life: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Public Health. 2017;142:7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.09.034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matthews K, Nazroo J, Whillans J. The consequences of self-reported vision change in later-life: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Public Health. 2017;142:7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.09.034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loriaut P, Loriaut P, Boyer P, Massin P, Cochereau I. Visual impairment and hip fractures: a case-control study in elderly patients. Ophthalmic Res. 2014;52(4):212–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000362881</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loriaut P, Loriaut P, Boyer P, Massin P, Cochereau I. Visual impairment and hip fractures: a case-control study in elderly patients. Ophthalmic Res. 2014;52(4):212–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000362881</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moncada LVV, Mire LG. Preventing falls in older persons. Am Fam Physician. 2017;96(4):240–7. PMID: 28925664</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moncada LVV, Mire LG. Preventing falls in older persons. Am Fam Physician. 2017;96(4):240–7. PMID: 28925664</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen SP, Bhattacharya J, Pershing S. Association of vision loss with cognition in older adults. JAMA Ophthal­mol. 2017;135(9):963–70. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.2838</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen SP, Bhattacharya J, Pershing S. Association of vision loss with cognition in older adults. JAMA Ophthal­mol. 2017;135(9):963–70. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.2838</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujiwara M, Kawasaki Y, Yamada H. A pharmacovigilance approach for post-marketing in Japan using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) Database and Association Analysis. PLoS One, 2016;11(4):e0154425. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154425</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujiwara M, Kawasaki Y, Yamada H. A pharmacovigilance approach for post-marketing in Japan using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) Database and Association Analysis. PLoS One, 2016;11(4):e0154425. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154425</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Narushima D, Kawasaki Y, Takamatsu S, Yamada H. Adverse events associated with incretin-based drugs in Japanese spontaneous reports: a mixed effects logistic regression model. Peer J. 2016;4:e1753. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1753</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Narushima D, Kawasaki Y, Takamatsu S, Yamada H. Adverse events associated with incretin-based drugs in Japanese spontaneous reports: a mixed effects logistic regression model. Peer J. 2016;4:e1753. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1753</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
