<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">safetyrisk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2312-7821</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1164</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/2312-7821-2023-389</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">safetyrisk-389</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: ГЕНЕТИКА И ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ: ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAIN TOPIC: GENETICS AND PHARMACOLOGY: RESEARCH AND ADVANCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Лекарственное поражение печени, ассоциированное с антибиотиками, у детей в критических состояниях: проспективное наблюдательное исследование</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Antibiotic-Associated Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Critically Ill Children: A Prospective Observational Study</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5272-2070</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Власова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vlasova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Власова Анна Викторовна, канд. мед. наук, доцент.</p><p>4-й Добрынинский пер., д. 1/9, Москва, 119049;</p><p>Баррикадная ул., д. 2/1, стр. 1, Москва, 125993</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna V. Vlasova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p><p>1/9 4th Dobryninsky Ln., Moscow 119049;</p><p>2/1/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">annavlasova75@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8661-3817</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шубина</surname><given-names>Ю. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shubina</surname><given-names>Yu. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шубина Юлия Федоровна, канд. мед. наук, доцент</p><p>4-й Добрынинский пер., д. 1/9, Москва, 119049</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuliya F. Shubina, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p><p>1/9 4th Dobryninsky Ln., Moscow 119049</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shubinaj@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-3680</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сычев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sychev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сычев Дмитрий Алексеевич, академик РАН, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Баррикадная ул., д. 2/1, стр. 1, Москва, 125993</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry A. Sychev, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>2/1/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitry.alex.sychev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения «Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»; &#13;
Федеральное государственное бюджетное общеобразовательное учреждение дополнительного профессионального образования «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital; &#13;
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения «Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное общеобразовательное учреждение дополнительного профессионального образования «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>155</fpage><lpage>166</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Власова А.В., Шубина Ю.Ф., Сычев Д.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Власова А.В., Шубина Ю.Ф., Сычев Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vlasova A.V., Shubina Y.F., Sychev D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/view/389">https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/view/389</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Лекарственные поражения печени или лекарственно-индуцированные заболевания (ЛИЗ) печени у детей, развивающиеся в том числе при применении антибиотиков, могут стать причиной острой печеночной недостаточности и привести к летальному исходу. Однако в литературе практически не представлены данные о возможности дифференцировки характера поражения ткани печени у детей для своевременной диагностики потенциально жизнеугрожающего состояния — ЛИЗ печени.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Описать фенотип ассоциированного с применением антибактериальных препаратов впервые возникшего лекарственного поражения печени у детей в критических состояниях с нозокомиальной инфекцией.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. В проспективном наблюдательном исследовании в ГБУЗ «Морозовская ДГКБ ДЗМ» в период с 01.02.2020 по 01.09.2021 проведена оценка распространенности ЛИЗ печени, связанной с применением антибактериальных препаратов, методом глобальных триггеров. В исследование было включено 100 детей в критических состояниях с нозокомиальной инфекцией в возрасте от 0 до 17 лет (44 мальчика, 56 девочек), находившихся на лечении в отделениях реанимации и интенсивной терапии.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Проявления гепатотоксичности были выявлены у 19 пациентов, из них у 8 наблюдали отклонения биохимических показателей сыворотки крови, характеризующих функцию печени, а у 11 эти отклонения сопровождались клиническими проявлениями нарушений со стороны печени. Распространенность впервые возникшей гепатотоксичности при применении антибиотиков составила 12,9 случая на 100 000 пациентов детского возраста, а ЛИЗ печени — 7,5 случая на 100 000 детей. На основе анализа медицинской документации и биохимических показателей, определения связи событий по времени появления с клинической картиной у 11 детей был описан фенотип идиосинкразического холестатического гепатита. При применении антибиотиков у детей в критических состояниях было отмечено повышение активности аланиновой трансаминазы до 10 высших пороговых норм (ВПН), уровня билирубина — до 4,45 ВПН, активности гамма-глутамилтрансферазы — до 5 ВПН. Шансы развития впервые возникающего ЛИЗ печени были наиболее высокими при применении тигециклина (OR: 4,07; 95% CI: 1,32–12,50) и меропенема (OR: 1,84; 95% CI: 1,01–3,36). Клинические проявления идиосинкразического холестатического гепатита у 5 пациентов были сопряжены с развитием летального исхода, у 6 пациентов разрешились в течение нескольких недель.</p></sec><sec><title>ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ВЫВОДЫ. Описан фенотип холестатического идиосинкразического поражения печени у детей в критических состояниях, связанного с применением антибиотиков. Требуются дальнейшие исследования для оценки роли фармакогенетических маркеров в развитии ЛИЗ печени, ассоциированного с антибиотиками у детей в критических состояниях, для реализации риск-ориентированного подхода и возможности предотвращения рисков возникновения этого состояния.</p><p>Исследование зарегистрировано на платформе ClinicalTrials.gov, идентификатор NCT04141657, дата регистрации 24.10.2019.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is associated, among other things, with the use of antibiotics. Children with DILI are at risk of acute liver failure and even death. However, the literature on the subject provides little information on the possibility of distinguishing the types of hepatic lesions to diagnose potentially life-threatening DILI in time.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM. The study aimed to describe the phenotype of new-onset DILI associated with antibiotics in critically ill children with nosocomial infection.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. The authors conducted a prospective observational study in the resuscitation and intensive care units of the Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital from 1 February 2020 to 1 September 2021. The study assessed the incidence of antibiotic-associated DILI using the Global Trigger Tool. The study enrolled 100 critically ill children aged 0 to 17 years (44 boys and 56 girls) with nosocomial infection.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS. Signs of hepatotoxicity were detected in 19 patients, including 8 with abnormal liver function tests but normal liver function and 11 with abnormal liver function tests and clinically apparent liver disease. Thus, the incidence of new-onset hepatotoxicity associated with antibiotics amounted to 12.9 cases per 100,000 paediatric patients, and the incidence of DILI was 7.5 cases per 100,000 children. Based on the analysis of medical records, biochemical findings, and relationships between the time of dosing and the manifestation of signs of liver disorder in 11 children, the authors characterised the phenotype of idiosyncratic cholestatic hepatitis. Critically ill children treated with antibiotics showed alanine transaminase activity up to 10 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), bilirubin levels up to 4.45 times the ULN, and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity up to 5 times the ULN. The odds of developing new-onset DILI were the highest with tigecycline (OR: 4.07; 95% CI: 1.32–12.50) and meropenem (OR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.01–3.36). In 6 patients, clinical signs of idiosyncratic cholestatic hepatitis resolved within a few weeks after antibiotic discontinuation. The other 5 patients with clinical signs of idiosyncratic cholestatic hepatitis died.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS. The authors described the phenotype of idiosyncratic cholestatic liver injury associated with antibiotics in critically ill children. The role of pharmacogenetic markers in the development of DILI associated with antibiotics in critically ill children needs to be assessed further to implement a risk-based approach and mitigate the risks.</p><p>The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under No. NCT04141657 on 24 October 2019.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>педиатрия</kwd><kwd>антибиотики</kwd><kwd>лекарственно-индуцированные заболевания печени</kwd><kwd>гепатотоксичность</kwd><kwd>холестатический гепатит</kwd><kwd>нежелательные реакции</kwd><kwd>метод глобальных триггеров</kwd><kwd>клиническое исследование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>paediatrics</kwd><kwd>antibiotics</kwd><kwd>drug-induced liver diseases</kwd><kwd>DILI</kwd><kwd>hepatotoxicity</kwd><kwd>cholestatic hepatitis</kwd><kwd>adverse drug reactions</kwd><kwd>Global Trigger Tool</kwd><kwd>clinical trial</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена без спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was performed without external funding</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amin MD, Harpavat S, Leung DH. Drug-induced liver injury in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2015;27(5):625–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/mop.0000000000000264</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amin MD, Harpavat S, Leung DH. Drug-induced liver injury in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2015;27(5):625–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/mop.0000000000000264</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee HH, Ho RH. Interindividual and interethnic variability in drug disposition: polymorphisms in organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1; SLCO1B1). Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83(6):1176–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13207</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee HH, Ho RH. Interindividual and interethnic variability in drug disposition: polymorphisms in organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1; SLCO1B1). Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83(6):1176–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13207</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katarey D, Verma S. Drug-induced liver injury. Clin Med (Lond). 2016;16(Suppl. 6):s104–s109. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.16-6-s104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katarey D, Verma S. Drug-induced liver injury. Clin Med (Lond). 2016;16(Suppl. 6):s104–s109. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.16-6-s104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anand AC, Nandi B, Acharya SK, Arora A, Babu S, Batra Y, et al. Indian national association for the study of the liver consensus statement on acute liver failure (Part 1): epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation and prognosis. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2020;10(4):339–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2020.04.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anand AC, Nandi B, Acharya SK, Arora A, Babu S, Batra Y, et al. Indian national association for the study of the liver consensus statement on acute liver failure (Part 1): epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation and prognosis. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2020;10(4):339–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2020.04.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donati M, Motola D. Leone R, Moretti U, Stoppa G, Arzenton E, et al. Liver injury due to amoxicillin vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate: a subgroup analysis of a drug-induced liver injury case-control study in Italy. J Hepatol Gastroint Dis. 2017;3(2):1–5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2475-3181.1000143</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donati M, Motola D. Leone R, Moretti U, Stoppa G, Arzenton E, et al. Liver injury due to amoxicillin vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate: a subgroup analysis of a drug-induced liver injury case-control study in Italy. J Hepatol Gastroint Dis. 2017;3(2):1–5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2475-3181.1000143</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teixeira M, Macedo S, Batista T, Martins S, Correia A, Costa Matos L. Flucloxacillin-induced hepatotoxicity-association with HLA-B*5701. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2020;66(1):12–7. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.1.12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teixeira M, Macedo S, Batista T, Martins S, Correia A, Costa Matos L. Flucloxacillin-induced hepatotoxicity-association with HLA-B*5701. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2020;66(1):12–7. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.1.12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu Y, Mao YM, Chen CW, Chen JJ, Chen J, Cong WM, et al. CSH guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced liver injury. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(3):221–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-017-9793-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu Y, Mao YM, Chen CW, Chen JJ, Chen J, Cong WM, et al. CSH guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced liver injury. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(3):221–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-017-9793-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou Y, Yang L, Liao Z, He X, Zhou Y, Guo H. Epidemiology of drug-induced liver injury in China: a systematic analysis of the Chinese literature including 21789 patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;25(7):825–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/meg.0b013e32835f6889</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou Y, Yang L, Liao Z, He X, Zhou Y, Guo H. Epidemiology of drug-induced liver injury in China: a systematic analysis of the Chinese literature including 21789 patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;25(7):825–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/meg.0b013e32835f6889</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sgro C, Clinard F, Ouazir K, Chanay H, Allard C, Guilleminet C, et al. Incidence of drug-induced hepatic injuries: a French population-based study. Hepatology. 2002;36(2):451–5. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2002.34857</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sgro C, Clinard F, Ouazir K, Chanay H, Allard C, Guilleminet C, et al. Incidence of drug-induced hepatic injuries: a French population-based study. Hepatology. 2002;36(2):451–5. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2002.34857</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pinna AP, Locci G, Furno M, Fanni D, Faa G, Nurchi AM. DILI (drug-induced liver injury) in a 9-month-old infant: a rare case of phenobarbital-induced hepatotoxicity. J Pediatr Neonatal Individ Med JPNIM. 2013;2:93–5. https://doi.org/10.7363/020114</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinna AP, Locci G, Furno M, Fanni D, Faa G, Nurchi AM. DILI (drug-induced liver injury) in a 9-month-old infant: a rare case of phenobarbital-induced hepatotoxicity. J Pediatr Neonatal Individ Med JPNIM. 2013;2:93–5. https://doi.org/10.7363/020114</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sridharan K, Al Daylami A, Ajjawi R, Al Ajooz HA. Drug-induced liver injury in critically ill children taking antiepileptic drugs: a retrospective study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2020;92:100580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2020.100580</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sridharan K, Al Daylami A, Ajjawi R, Al Ajooz HA. Drug-induced liver injury in critically ill children taking antiepileptic drugs: a retrospective study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2020;92:100580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.curtheres.2020.100580</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Fernández MC, Pelaez G, Pachkoria K, García-Ruiz E, et al. Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10-year period. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(2):512–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gastro.2005.05.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Fernández MC, Pelaez G, Pachkoria K, García-Ruiz E, et al. Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10-year period. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(2):512–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gastro.2005.05.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chalasani N, Reddy K, Fontana R, Barnhart H, Gu J, Hayashi P, et al. Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury in African-Americans is associated with greater morbidity and mortality compared to Caucasians. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(9):1382–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2017.215</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chalasani N, Reddy K, Fontana R, Barnhart H, Gu J, Hayashi P, et al. Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury in African-Americans is associated with greater morbidity and mortality compared to Caucasians. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(9):1382–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2017.215</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Björnsson ES. Hepatotoxicity of statins and other lipid-lowering agents. Liver Int. 2017;37(2):173–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.13308</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Björnsson ES. Hepatotoxicity of statins and other lipid-lowering agents. Liver Int. 2017;37(2):173–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.13308</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">deLemos AS, Ghabril M, Rockey DC, Gu J, Barnhart HX, Fontana RJ, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanate-induced liver injury. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61(8):2406–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-016-4121-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">deLemos AS, Ghabril M, Rockey DC, Gu J, Barnhart HX, Fontana RJ, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanate-induced liver injury. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61(8):2406–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-016-4121-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iannelli V. 30 most commonly prescribed pediatric medications. 06.06.2023. https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-30-most-prescribed-drugs-in-pediatrics-2633435</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iannelli V. 30 most commonly prescribed pediatric medications. 06.06.2023. https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-30-most-prescribed-drugs-in-pediatrics-2633435</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamaguchi A, Tateishi T, Okano Y, Matuda T, Akimoto Y, Miyoshi T, et al. Higher incidence of elevated body temperature or increased C-reactive protein level in asthmatic children showing transient reduction of theophylline metabolism. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;40(3):284–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/00912700022008955</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamaguchi A, Tateishi T, Okano Y, Matuda T, Akimoto Y, Miyoshi T, et al. Higher incidence of elevated body temperature or increased C-reactive protein level in asthmatic children showing transient reduction of theophylline metabolism. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;40(3):284–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/00912700022008955</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pokrajac M, Simić D, Varagić V. Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1987;33(5):483–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00544240</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pokrajac M, Simić D, Varagić V. Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1987;33(5):483–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00544240</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stephens M, Self T, Lancaster D, Nash T. Hypothyroidism: effect on warfarin anticoagulation. South Med J. 1989;82(12):1585–6. PMID: 2595433</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stephens M, Self T, Lancaster D, Nash T. Hypothyroidism: effect on warfarin anticoagulation. South Med J. 1989;82(12):1585–6. PMID: 2595433</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ersulo TA, Yizengaw MA, Tesfaye BT. Incidence of adverse drug events in patients hospitalized in the medical wards of a teaching referral hospital in Ethiopia: a prospective observational study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2022;23(1):30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-022-00570-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ersulo TA, Yizengaw MA, Tesfaye BT. Incidence of adverse drug events in patients hospitalized in the medical wards of a teaching referral hospital in Ethiopia: a prospective observational study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2022;23(1):30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-022-00570-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kiguba R, Karamagi C, Bird SM. Incidence, risk factors and risk prediction of hospital-acquired suspected adverse drug reactions: a prospective cohort of Ugandan inpatients. BMJ Open. 2017;7(1):e010568. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010568</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiguba R, Karamagi C, Bird SM. Incidence, risk factors and risk prediction of hospital-acquired suspected adverse drug reactions: a prospective cohort of Ugandan inpatients. BMJ Open. 2017;7(1):e010568. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010568</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zed PJ, Haughn C, Black KJL, Fitzpatrick EA, Ackroyd-Stolarz S, Murphy NG, et al. Medication-related emergency department visits and hospital admissions in pediatric patients: a qualitative systematic review. J Pediatr. 2013;163(2):477–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.01.042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zed PJ, Haughn C, Black KJL, Fitzpatrick EA, Ackroyd-Stolarz S, Murphy NG, et al. Medication-related emergency department visits and hospital admissions in pediatric patients: a qualitative systematic review. J Pediatr. 2013;163(2):477–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.01.042</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schumaker AL, Okulicz JF. Meropenem-induced vanishing bile duct syndrome. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30(9):953. https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.30.9.953</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schumaker AL, Okulicz JF. Meropenem-induced vanishing bile duct syndrome. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30(9):953. https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.30.9.953</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doß S, Blessing C, Haller K, Richter G, Sauer M. Influence of antibiotics on functionality and viability of liver cells in vitro. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2022;44(10):4639–57. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44100317</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doß S, Blessing C, Haller K, Richter G, Sauer M. Influence of antibiotics on functionality and viability of liver cells in vitro. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2022;44(10):4639–57. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44100317</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li L-M, Chen L, Deng G-H, Tan W-T, Dan Y-J, Wang R-Q, Chen W-S. SLCO1B1*15 haplotype is associated with rifampin-induced liver injury. Mol Med Rep. 2012;6(1):75–82. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2012.900</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li L-M, Chen L, Deng G-H, Tan W-T, Dan Y-J, Wang R-Q, Chen W-S. SLCO1B1*15 haplotype is associated with rifampin-induced liver injury. Mol Med Rep. 2012;6(1):75–82. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2012.900</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghabril M, Bonkovsky HL, Kum C, Davern T, Hayashi PH, Kleiner DE, et al. Liver injury from tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists: analysis of thirty-four cases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(5):558–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2012.12.025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghabril M, Bonkovsky HL, Kum C, Davern T, Hayashi PH, Kleiner DE, et al. Liver injury from tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists: analysis of thirty-four cases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(5):558–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2012.12.025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breitkreutz J, Boos J. Paediatric and geriatric drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2007;4(1):37–45. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.4.1.37</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breitkreutz J, Boos J. Paediatric and geriatric drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2007;4(1):37–45. https://doi.org/10.1517/17425247.4.1.37</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buch S, Schafmayer C, Voelzke H, Seeger M, Miquel JF, Sookoian SC, et al. Loci from a genome-wide analysis of bilirubin levels are associated with gallstone risk and composition. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(6):1942–51. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2010.09.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buch S, Schafmayer C, Voelzke H, Seeger M, Miquel JF, Sookoian SC, et al. Loci from a genome-wide analysis of bilirubin levels are associated with gallstone risk and composition. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(6):1942–51. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2010.09.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoofnagle JH, Björnsson ES. Drug-induced liver injury — types and phenotypes. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(3):264–73. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1816149</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoofnagle JH, Björnsson ES. Drug-induced liver injury — types and phenotypes. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(3):264–73. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1816149</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Daly AK, Day CP. Genetic association studies in drug-induced liver injury. Semin Liver Dis. 2009;29(4):400–11. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1240009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daly AK, Day CP. Genetic association studies in drug-induced liver injury. Semin Liver Dis. 2009;29(4):400–11. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1240009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manolis E, Musuamba FT, Karlsson KE. The European Medicines Agency experience with pediatric dose selection. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;61:S22–S27. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1863</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manolis E, Musuamba FT, Karlsson KE. The European Medicines Agency experience with pediatric dose selection. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;61:S22–S27. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1863</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Власова АВ, Смирнова ЕВ, Горев ВВ, Сычев ДА. Нежелательные реакции детей на антимикробные препараты: ограничения метода спонтанных сообщений и возможности метода глобальных триггеров лекарственно-индуцированных состояний. Фарматека. 2023;30(1–2):18–31. https://doi.org/10.18565/pharmateca.2023.1-2.18-31</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlasova AV, Smirnova EV, Gorev VV, Sychev DA. Adverse reactions in children to antimicrobials: limitations of the spontaneous reporting method and the possibilities of the global trigger method for drug-induced conditions. Pharmateca. 2023;30 (1–2):18–31 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18565/pharmateca.2023.1-2.18-31</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Classen DC, Resar R, Griffin F, Federico F, Frankel T, Kimmel N, et al. ‘Global Trigger Tool’ shows that adverse events in hospitals may be ten times greater than previously measured. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011;30(4):581–9. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0190</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Classen DC, Resar R, Griffin F, Federico F, Frankel T, Kimmel N, et al. ‘Global Trigger Tool’ shows that adverse events in hospitals may be ten times greater than previously measured. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011;30(4):581–9. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0190</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иващенко ДВ, Буромская НИ, Савченко ЛМ, Шевченко ЮС, Сычев ДА. Значение метода глобальных триггеров для выявления неблагоприятных событий, связанных с оказанием медицинской помощи в педиатрии. Медицинский совет. 2018;(17):56–65. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2018-17-56-65</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashchenko DV, Buromskaya NI, Savchenko LM, Shevchenko YuS, Sychev DA. Global Trigger Tool value for revealing of unwanted events related to medical care in pediatrics. Medicinal Council. 2018;(17):56–65 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2018-17-56-65</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson AD, Kavousi M, Smith AV, Chen M-H, Dehghan A, Aspelund T, et al. Genome-wide association meta-analysis for total serum bilirubin levels. Hum Mol Genet. 2009;18(14):2700–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddp202</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson AD, Kavousi M, Smith AV, Chen M-H, Dehghan A, Aspelund T, et al. Genome-wide association meta-analysis for total serum bilirubin levels. Hum Mol Genet. 2009;18(14):2700–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddp202</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu Y, Nie X, Song Z, Xie Y, Zhang X, Du Z, et al. Signal detection of potentially drug-induced liver injury in children using electronic health records. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:171. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00171</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu Y, Nie X, Song Z, Xie Y, Zhang X, Du Z, et al. Signal detection of potentially drug-induced liver injury in children using electronic health records. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:171. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00171</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang T, Huang X, Liu Q, Feng H, Huang Y, Lin J, et al. Risk factors for tigecycline-associated hepatotoxicity in patients in the intensive care units of 2 tertiary hospitals: a retrospective study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;62(11):1426–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.2099</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang T, Huang X, Liu Q, Feng H, Huang Y, Lin J, et al. Risk factors for tigecycline-associated hepatotoxicity in patients in the intensive care units of 2 tertiary hospitals: a retrospective study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;62(11):1426–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.2099</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghanem CI, Gómez PC, Arana MC, Perassolo M, Ruiz ML, Villanueva SS, et al. Effect of acetaminophen on expression and activity of rat liver multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and P-glycoprotein. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004;68(4):791–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2004.05.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghanem CI, Gómez PC, Arana MC, Perassolo M, Ruiz ML, Villanueva SS, et al. Effect of acetaminophen on expression and activity of rat liver multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and P-glycoprotein. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004;68(4):791–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2004.05.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acevedo C, Bengochea L, Tchercansky DM, Ouviña G, Perazzo JC, Lago N, et al. Cholestasis as a liver protective factor in paracetamol acute overdose. Gen Pharmacol. 1995;26(7):1619–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(95)00061-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acevedo C, Bengochea L, Tchercansky DM, Ouviña G, Perazzo JC, Lago N, et al. Cholestasis as a liver protective factor in paracetamol acute overdose. Gen Pharmacol. 1995;26(7):1619–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(95)00061-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
