<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">safetyrisk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2312-7821</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1164</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/2312-7821-2024-392</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">safetyrisk-392</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: ГЕНЕТИКА И ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ: ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAIN TOPIC: GENETICS AND PHARMACOLOGY: RESEARCH AND ADVANCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Фармакогенетические предикторы лекарственного поражения печени, ассоциированного с антибиотиками у детей: результаты наблюдательного исследования</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pharmacogenomic Predictors of Antibiotic-Associated Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Critically Ill Children: Observational Study Results</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5272-2070</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Власова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vlasova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Власова Анна Викторовна, канд. мед. наук, доцент</p><p>4-й Добрынинский пер., д. 1/9, Москва, 119049;</p><p>Баррикадная ул., д. 2/1, стр. 1, Москва, 125993</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna V. Vlasova, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p><p>1/9 4th Dobryninsky Ln., Moscow 119049;</p><p>2/1/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow 125993</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">annavlasova75@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8661-3817</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шубина</surname><given-names>Ю. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shubina</surname><given-names>Yu. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шубина Юлия Федоровна, канд. мед. наук, доцент</p><p>4-й Добрынинский пер., д. 1/9, Москва, 119049</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuliya F. Shubina, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p><p>1/9 4th Dobryninsky Ln., Moscow 119049</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8751-0434</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Газиев</surname><given-names>И. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaziev</surname><given-names>I. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Газиев Иван Рубенович</p><p>4-й Добрынинский пер., д. 1/9, Москва, 119049</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan R. Gaziev</p><p>1/9 4th Dobryninsky Ln., Moscow 119049</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-3680</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сычев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sychev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сычев Дмитрий Алексеевич, академик РАН, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>Баррикадная ул., д. 2/1, стр. 1, Москва, 125993</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry A. Sychev, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>2/1/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow 125993</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения «Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»; &#13;
Федеральное государственное бюджетное общеобразовательное учреждение дополнительного профессионального образования «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital; &#13;
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения «Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное общеобразовательное учреждение дополнительного профессионального образования «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>167</fpage><lpage>177</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Власова А.В., Шубина Ю.Ф., Газиев И.Р., Сычев Д.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Власова А.В., Шубина Ю.Ф., Газиев И.Р., Сычев Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vlasova A.V., Shubina Y.F., Gaziev I.R., Sychev D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/view/392">https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/view/392</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Механизмы развития лекарственно-индуцированного заболевания (ЛИЗ) печени у детей, ассоциированного с применением антибиотиков, в настоящее время изучены недостаточно. Наличие у пациентов определенных генотипов повышает вероятность развития ЛИЗ печени, в связи с чем актуальной задачей является выявление у детей ассоциированных с этим заболеванием фармакогенетических маркеров.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Выявление фармакогенетических биомаркеров при впервые возникающем лекарственном поражении печени у детей, связанном с применением тигециклина и меропенема.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. В проспективном наблюдательном исследовании в ГБУЗ «Морозовская ДГКБ ДЗМ» в период с 01.02.2020 по 01.09.2021 оценена частота и изучена структура нежелательных реакций (НР), связанных с применением антибиотиков, у 100 детей в возрасте от 0 до 17 лет (44 мальчика, 56 девочек) в критических состояниях. Пациентам, у которых были выявлены НР (n=30), проведено фармакогенетическое тестирование для изучения возможного механизма их развития. ДНК выделяли из соскоба буккального эпителия с помощью панели iPLEX Pro PGx (Agena Bioscience) в модификации «VeriDose® Core Panel». Исследовано 68 однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) и коротких инсерционно-делеционных полиморфизмов (short insertions and deletions, INDELs), включавших в себя 5 анализов вариаций числа копий (copy number variant, CNV).</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Шансы развития ЛИЗ печени, ассоциированного с применением меропенема и тигециклина, были выше у носителей гомозиготного генотипа цитохрома CYP3A5*3/*3 (ОШ: 12,6; 95% ДИ: 1,9–79,4, r=6,54, р=0,011) по сравнению с пациентами с гетерозиготным генотипом CYP3A5*1А/*3. В отсутствие гетерозиготного генотипа CYP3A5*1А/*3 шансы развития ЛИЗ печени на фоне применения меропенема и тигециклина были еще более высокими (ОШ: 17,14; 95% ДИ: 1,79–16,3, r=6,24, р=0,013). Точность прогностического значения выявления генотипа CYP3A5*3/*3 для прогнозирования риска развития ЛИЗ печени, ассоциированного с применением этих антибиотиков, составила 76,7%, чувствительность — 82% и специфичность — 74%. У детей с ЛИЗ печени на фоне применения меропенема и тигециклина чаще, чем у детей с иными НР, выявлялось гетерозиготное носительство полиморфизма rs4149056 генотипа  SLCO1B1*1/*5 (r=9,8, р=0,002).</p></sec><sec><title>ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ВЫВОДЫ. Показана прогностическая значимость выявления гомозиготного генотипа цитохрома CYP3A*3/*3 как индикатора потенциального риска развития ЛИЗ печени, ассоциированного с применением меропенема и тигециклина у детей в критических состояниях.</p><p>Исследование зарегистрировано на платформе ClinicalTrials.gov, идентификатор NCT04141657, дата регистрации 24.10.2019.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. The pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in children has not been fully elucidated to date. Certain genotypes in patients increase the probability of developing DILI. Therefore, the identification of pharmacogenetic markers associated with DILI in children is essential.</p></sec><sec><title>АIM</title><p>АIM. This study aimed to identify pharmacogenetic biomarkers of new-onset DILI associated with tigecycline and meropenem in children.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. This prospective observational study was conducted in the Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital from 1 February 2020 to 1 September 2021. The study analysed the incidence and types of antibiotic-associated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in 100 critically ill children aged 0 to 17 years (44 boys and 56 girls). Pharmacogenetic testing was performed in children with ADRs (n=30) to identify potential mechanisms involved in the development of their ADRs. The authors isolated and tested DNA from buccal epithelium swabs using the Agena Bioscience iPLEX® PGx Pro-based VeriDose® Core Panel covering 68 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or short insertions and deletions (INDELs) and 5 copy number variants (CNVs).</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS. The odds of developing DILI associated with meropenem and tigecycline were higher in carriers of the homozygous cytochrome genotype CYP3A5*3/*3 (OR: 12.6; 95% CI: 1.9–79.4, r=6.54, p=0.011) than in patients with the heterozygous genotype CYP3A5*1A/*3. The odds were even higher in patients not carrying the CYP3A5*1A/*3 genotype (OR: 17.14; 95% CI: 1.79–16.3, r=6.24, p=0.013). The detection of the CYP3A5*3/*3 ge­notype had a prognostic accuracy of 76.7%, a sensitivity of 82%, and a specificity of 74% in predicting the risk of DILI associated with meropenem and tigecycline. Moreover, children with DILI carried the heterozygous ge­notype SLCO1B1*1/*5 (rs4149056 polymorphism) more often than children with other adverse reactions ­associated with meropenem and tigecycline (r=9.8, p=0.002).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>CONCLUSION. The results of this study prove the prognostic significance of the homozygous cytochrome genotype CYP3A*3/*3 as an indicator of a potential risk for developing DILI associated with meropenem and tigecycline in children in critical conditions.</p><p>The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under No. NCT04141657 on 24 October 2019.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>педиатрия</kwd><kwd>антибиотики</kwd><kwd>тигециклин</kwd><kwd>меропенем</kwd><kwd>лекарственно-индуцированные заболевания печени</kwd><kwd>нежелательные реакции</kwd><kwd>фармакогенетика</kwd><kwd>CYP3A5</kwd><kwd>SLCO1B1</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>paediatrics</kwd><kwd>antibiotics</kwd><kwd>tigecycline</kwd><kwd>meropenem</kwd><kwd>drug-induced liver disease</kwd><kwd>adverse drug reactions</kwd><kwd>pharmacogenetics</kwd><kwd>CYP3A5</kwd><kwd>SLCO1B1</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена без спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was performed without external funding</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu Y, Nie X, Song Z, Xie Y, Zhang X, Du Z, et al. Signal detection of potentially drug-induced liver injury in children using electronic health records. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:171. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00171</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu Y, Nie X, Song Z, Xie Y, Zhang X, Du Z, et al. Signal detection of potentially drug-induced liver injury in children using electronic health records. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:171. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00171</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu Z, Zhao Y, Jin J, Zhu J, Yu L, Han G. Prevalence and risk factors of tigecycline-induced liver injury: a multicenter retrospective study. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;120:59–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu Z, Zhao Y, Jin J, Zhu J, Yu L, Han G. Prevalence and risk factors of tigecycline-induced liver injury: a multicenter retrospective study. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;120:59–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04.024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baietto L, Corcione S, Pacini G, Perri GD, D’Avolio A, De Rosa FG. A 30-years review on pharmacokinetics of antibiotics: is the right time for pharmacogenetics? Curr Drug Metab. 2014;15(6):581–98. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200215666140605130935</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baietto L, Corcione S, Pacini G, Perri GD, D’Avolio A, De Rosa FG. A 30-years review on pharmacokinetics of antibiotics: is the right time for pharmacogenetics? Curr Drug Metab. 2014;15(6):581–98. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389200215666140605130935</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Daly AK, Day CP. Genetic association studies in drug-induced liver injury. Semin Liver Dis. 2009;29(4):400–11. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1240009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daly AK, Day CP. Genetic association studies in drug-induced liver injury. Semin Liver Dis. 2009;29(4):400–11. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1240009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zed PJ, Haughn C, Black KJL, Fitzpatrick EA, Ackroyd-Stolarz S, Murphy NG, et al. Medication-related emergency department visits and hospital admissions in pediatric patients: a qualitative systematic review. J Pediatr. 2013;163(2):477–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.01.042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zed PJ, Haughn C, Black KJL, Fitzpatrick EA, Ackroyd-Stolarz S, Murphy NG, et al. Medication-related emergency department visits and hospital admissions in pediatric patients: a qualitative systematic review. J Pediatr. 2013;163(2):477–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.01.042</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ersulo TA, Yizengaw MA, Tesfaye BT. Incidence of adverse drug events in patients hospitalized in the medical wards of a teaching referral hospital in Ethiopia: a prospective observational study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2022;23(1):30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-022-00570-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ersulo TA, Yizengaw MA, Tesfaye BT. Incidence of adverse drug events in patients hospitalized in the medical wards of a teaching referral hospital in Ethiopia: a prospective observational study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2022;23(1):30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-022-00570-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lucena MI, Molokhia M, Shen Y, Urban TJ, Aithal GP, Andrade RJ, et al. Susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanate-induced liver injury is influenced by multiple HLA class I and II alleles. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(1):338–47. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lucena MI, Molokhia M, Shen Y, Urban TJ, Aithal GP, Andrade RJ, et al. Susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanate-induced liver injury is influenced by multiple HLA class I and II alleles. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(1):338–47. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.04.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alshabeeb M, Alomar FA, Khan A. Impact of ­SLCO1B1*5 on flucloxacillin and co-amoxiclav-related liver injury. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:882962. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.882962</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alshabeeb M, Alomar FA, Khan A. Impact of ­SLCO1B1*5 on flucloxacillin and co-amoxiclav-related liver injury. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:882962. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.882962</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Власова АВ, Шубина ЮФ, Сычев ДА. Лекарственное поражение печени, ассоциированное с антибиотиками, у детей в критических состояниях: проспективное наблюдательное исследование. Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии. 2024. https://doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2023-389</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlasova AV, Shubina YuF, Sychev DA. Antibiotic-associated drug-induced liver injury in critically ill child­ren: a prospective observational study. Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy. 2024 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2023-389</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manolis E, Musuamba FT, Karlsson KE. The European Medicines Agency experience with pediatric dose selection. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;61:S22–S27. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1863</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manolis E, Musuamba FT, Karlsson KE. The European Medicines Agency experience with pediatric dose selection. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;61:S22–S27. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1863</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иващенко ДВ, Буромская НИ, Савченко ЛМ, Шевченко ЮС, Сычев ДА. Значение метода глобальных триггеров для выявления неблагоприятных событий, связанных с оказанием медицинской помощи в педиатрии. Медицинский совет. 2018;(17):56–65. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2018-17-56-65</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashchenko DV, Buromskaya NI, Savchenko LM, Shevchenko YuS, Sychev DA. Global trigger tool va­lue for revealing of unwanted events related to medi­cal care in pediatrics. Medical Council. 2018;(17):56–65 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2018-17-56-65</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Власова АВ, Смирнова ЕВ, Горев ВВ, Сычев ДА. Нежелательные реакции детей на антимикробные препараты: ограничения метода спонтанных сообщений и возможности метода глобальных триг­геров лекарственно-индуцированных состояний. Фарматека. 2023;30(1/2):18–31. https://doi.org/10.18565/pharmateca.2023.1-2.18-31</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlasova AV, Smirnova EV, Gorev VV, Sychev DA. Adverse reactions in children to antimicrobials: ­limitations of the spontaneous reporting method and the possibilities of the global trigger method for drug-induced conditions. Farmateka. 2023;30(1/2):18–31 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18565/pharmateca.2023.1-2.18-31</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Classen DC, Resar R, Griffin F, Federico F, Frankel T, Kimmel N, et al. “Global Trigger Tool” shows that adverse events in hospitals may be ten times greater than previously measured. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011;30(4):581–9. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0190</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Classen DC, Resar R, Griffin F, Federico F, Frankel T, Kimmel N, et al. “Global Trigger Tool” shows that adverse events in hospitals may be ten times greater than previously measured. Health Aff (Millwood). 2011;30(4):581–9. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0190</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katarey D, Verma S. Drug-induced liver injury. Clin Med. 2016;16(Suppl 6):S104–S109. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.16-6-s104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katarey D, Verma S. Drug-induced liver injury. Clin Med. 2016;16(Suppl 6):S104–S109. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.16-6-s104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu Y, Mao YM, Chen CW, Chen JJ, Chen J, Cong WM, et al. CSH guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced liver injury. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(3):221–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-017-9793-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu Y, Mao YM, Chen CW, Chen JJ, Chen J, Cong WM, et al. CSH guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of drug-induced liver injury. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(3):221–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-017-9793-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aleo MD, Luo Y, Swiss R, Bonin PD, Potter DM, Will Y. Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump. Hepatology. 2014;60(3):1015–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.27206</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleo MD, Luo Y, Swiss R, Bonin PD, Potter DM, Will Y. Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump. Hepatology. 2014;60(3):1015–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.27206</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Darwish MH, Farah RA, Farhat GN, Torbey PH, Ghandour FA, Bejjani-Doueihy NA, Dhaini HR. Association of CYP3A4/5 genotypes and expression with the survival of patients with neuroblastoma. Mol Med Rep. 2015;11(2):1462–8. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2014.2835</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Darwish MH, Farah RA, Farhat GN, Torbey PH, Ghandour FA, Bejjani-Doueihy NA, Dhaini HR. Association of CYP3A4/5 genotypes and expression with the survival of patients with neuroblastoma. Mol Med Rep. 2015;11(2):1462–8. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2014.2835</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kameyama Y, Yamashita K, Kobayashi K, Hosokawa M, Chiba K. Functional characterization of ­SLCO1B1 (OATP-C) variants, SLCO1B1*5, SLCO1B1*15 and SLCO1B1*15+C1007G, by using transient expression systems of HeLa and HEK293 cells. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005;15(7):513–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.fpc.0000170913.73780.5f</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kameyama Y, Yamashita K, Kobayashi K, Hosokawa M, Chiba K. Functional characterization of ­SLCO1B1 (OATP-C) variants, SLCO1B1*5, SLCO1B1*15 and SLCO1B1*15+C1007G, by using transient expression systems of HeLa and HEK293 cells. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005;15(7):513–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.fpc.0000170913.73780.5f</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jindal C, Kumar S, Choudhari G, Goel H, Mittal B. Organic anion transporter protein (OATP1B1) encoded by SLCO1B1 gene polymorphism (388A&gt;G) and susceptibility in gallstone disease. Indian J Med Res. 2009;129(2):170–5. PMID: 19293444</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jindal C, Kumar S, Choudhari G, Goel H, Mittal B. Organic anion transporter protein (OATP1B1) encoded by SLCO1B1 gene polymorphism (388A&gt;G) and susceptibility in gallstone disease. Indian J Med Res. 2009;129(2):170–5. PMID: 19293444</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alshabeeb M, Alomar FA, Khan A. Impact of ­SLCO1B1*5 on flucloxacillin and co-amoxiclav-related liver injury. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:882962. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.882962</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alshabeeb M, Alomar FA, Khan A. Impact of ­SLCO1B1*5 on flucloxacillin and co-amoxiclav-related liver injury. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:882962. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.882962</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
