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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">safetyrisk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2312-7821</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1164</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/2312-7821-2024-409</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">safetyrisk-409</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: ГЕНЕТИКА И ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ: ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAIN TOPIC: GENETICS AND PHARMACOLOGY: RESEARCH AND ADVANCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Фармакогенетические особенности пациентов и риск развития нежелательных реакций при применении нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов: клинические случаи</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Patients’ Pharmacogenetic Characteristics and the Risk of Adverse Reactions to Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Case Reports</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4192-654X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жирякова</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhiryakova</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жирякова Анна Сергеевна</p><p>ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1, Москва, 123242</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna S. Zhiryakova</p><p>2/1/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow 123242</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mya1017@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3278-5941</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисенко</surname><given-names>Н. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisenko</surname><given-names>N. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Денисенко Наталья Павловна, канд. мед. наук</p><p>ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1, Москва, 123242</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia P. Denisenko, Cand, Sci. (Med.)</p><p>2/1/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow 123242</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">denisenkonp@rmapo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7903-2977</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крюков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kryukov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Крюков Александр Валерьевич, канд. мед. наук</p><p>ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1, Москва, 123242</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander V. Kryukov, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>2/1/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow 123242</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alex.kryukov90@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3505-8520</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акмалова</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akmalova</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Акмалова Кристина Анатольевна</p><p>ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1, Москва, 123242</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kristina A. Akmalova</p><p>2/1/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow 123242</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kriistinkaa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тучкова</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tuchkova</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тучкова Светлана Николаевна</p><p>ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1, Москва, 123242</p><p>Scopus ID 58571704600</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana N. Tuchkova</p><p>2/1/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow 123242</p><p>Scopus ID 58571704600</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tuchkovaSN@rmapo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-4994</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мирзаев</surname><given-names>К. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mirzaev</surname><given-names>K. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мирзаев Карин Бадавиевич, д-р мед. наук</p><p>ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1, Москва, 123242</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Karin B. Mirzaev, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>2/1/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow 123242</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karin05doc@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-3680</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сычев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sychev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сычев Дмитрий Алексеевич, академик РАН, д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1, Москва, 123242</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry A. Sychev, Academician of the Russian Academy of Science, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>2/1/1 Barrikadnaya St., Moscow 123242</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitry.alex.sychev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное общеобразовательное учреждение дополнительного профессионального образования «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>178</fpage><lpage>189</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Жирякова А.С., Денисенко Н.П., Крюков А.В., Акмалова К.А., Тучкова С.Н., Мирзаев К.Б., Сычев Д.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Жирякова А.С., Денисенко Н.П., Крюков А.В., Акмалова К.А., Тучкова С.Н., Мирзаев К.Б., Сычев Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhiryakova A.S., Denisenko N.P., Kryukov A.V., Akmalova K.A., Tuchkova S.N., Mirzaev K.B., Sychev D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/view/409">https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/view/409</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Вариабельность ответа на применение нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов (НПВП) у пациентов может быть обусловлена носительством генетических полиморфизмов, среди которых важную роль играют медленные аллельные варианты гена СYP2C9, а также изучается роль полиморфизмов генов PTGS-1, PTGS-2, кодирующих мишени НПВП, — циклооксигеназу (ЦОГ) 1 и 2 типов.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. На примере клинических случаев продемонстрировать вклад фармакогенетических особенностей пациента в развитие нежелательных реакций при приеме нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов.</p></sec><sec><title>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ</title><p>МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ. Рассмотрены два клинических случая, наблюдавшиеся на базе многопрофильного стационара г. Москвы. В первом случае у пациентки нейрохирургического отделения с диагнозом спондилодисцит возникли признаки снижения функции почек на фоне назначения кеторолака в течение 13 суток стационарного лечения. Во втором случае у пациентки, госпитализированной по поводу желудочно-кишечного кровотечения в связи с самостоятельным приемом кеторолака в течение 3 недель, потребовалось хирургическое вмешательство в объеме резекции желудка. У пациентов методом полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени выявлены однонуклеотидные полиморфизмы генов CYP2C9*2 rs179985, CYP2C9*3 rs1057910, PTGS1 rs10306135 и rs12353214, PTGS2 rs20417.</p></sec><sec><title>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</title><p>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Фармакогенетические особенности пациентов в совокупности с другими факторами (превышение рекомендованной длительности терапии кеторолаком, сопутствующие заболевания, межлекарственные взаимодействия, пожилой возраст) способствовали развитию нежелательных реакций при приеме кеторолака. У пациентки с нефротоксическими осложнениями были обнаружены генотип CYP2C9*1/*2, ассоциированный с замедленным метаболизмом НПВП, а также генотип CT по PTGS1 rs12353214, что может вызывать изменение активности фермента ЦОГ-1 и таким образом приводить к повышению риска развития нежелательных реакций при приеме НПВП. У пациентки с желудочно-кишечным кровотечением также были обнаружены генетические особенности ответа на НПВП — генотип CYP2C9*1/*3, ассоциированный с выраженным замедлением метаболизма НПВП, при наличии которого рекомендуется принимать минимальные дозы НПВП либо альтернативно метаболизирующиеся препараты этой группы.</p></sec><sec><title>ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ВЫВОДЫ. Для снижения риска развития нефротоксических осложнений и желудочно-кишечных кровотечений при назначении кеторолака необходимо строго соблюдать режим дозирования препарата, учитывать наличие у пациентов сопутствующих заболеваний, возможные межлекарственные взаимодействия, потенциирующие нежелательные реакции, а также проводить фармакогенетическое тестирование, включая определение медленных аллельных вариантов гена CYP2C9 и полиморфизма rs12353214 гена PTGS1.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. The variability in patient response to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be due to genetic polymorphisms. Decreased-function or non-functional CYP2C9 alleles are known to be significant contributors to response variability, and research is being conducted on the potential contribution of polymorphisms in the PTGS1 and PTGS2 genes that encode for the NSAID targets, cyclooxygenases 1 and 2.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM. This study aimed to demonstrate the contribution of pharmacogenetic characteristics to the development of adverse reactions to NSAIDs in clinical cases.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study reports two clinical cases observed in a multidisciplinary hospital in Moscow. The first case report demonstrates a neurosurgical patient with spondylodiscitis who showed signs of renal failure associated with ketorolac administration during 13 days of inpatient treatment. The second case report presents a patient with gastrointestinal bleeding that developed after 3 weeks of ketorolac self-administration and ultimately required gastric resection surgery. According to real-time polymerase chain reaction results, these patients have single-nucleotide polymorphisms, including rs179985 (CYP2C9*2) and rs1057910 (CYP2C9*3) in the CYP2C9 gene, rs10306135 and rs12353214 in the PTGS1 gene, and rs20417 in the PTGS2 gene.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>RESULTS. The described adverse reactions to ketorolac are attributable to the patients’ pharmacogenetic characteristics and other factors (exceeding the recommended duration of ketorolac therapy, concomitant conditions, drug interactions, and older age). In the case of nephrotoxicity, the patient has the CYP2C9*1/*2 genotype, which is associated with decreased NSAID metabolism. Additionally, this patient has the PTGS1 (C&gt;T) rs12353214 genotype, which may be associated with variations in the activity of cyclooxygenase 1 and may lead to an increased risk of adverse reactions to NSAIDs. In the case of gastrointestinal bleeding, the patient also has genetic characteristics that affect the response to NSAIDs, as the CYP2C9*1/*3 genotype is associated with significantly decreased NSAID metabolism. Patients with this genotype should take the lowest doses or switch to alternatively metabolised NSAIDs.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS. To reduce the risk of nephrotoxicity and gastrointestinal bleeding in patients when prescribing ketorolac, healthcare providers should strictly follow the recommended dosing regimen and consider individual comorbidities and potential drug interactions that may potentiate adverse drug reactions. Additionally, patient risk management requires pharmacogenetic testing, including the determination of decreased-function or non-functional CYP2C9 alleles and the rs12353214 polymorphism in the PTGS1 gene.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>CYP2C9</kwd><kwd>PTGS</kwd><kwd>нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты</kwd><kwd>кеторолак</kwd><kwd>нежелательные реакции</kwd><kwd>нефротоксичность</kwd><kwd>НПВП-гастропатия</kwd><kwd>желудочно-кишечное кровотечение</kwd><kwd>фармакогенетическое тестирование</kwd><kwd>клинический случай</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CYP2C9</kwd><kwd>PTGS</kwd><kwd>non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</kwd><kwd>ketorolac</kwd><kwd>adverse drug reactions</kwd><kwd>nephrotoxicity</kwd><kwd>NSAID-induced gastrointestinal toxicity</kwd><kwd>gastrointestinal bleeding</kwd><kwd>pharmacogenetic testing</kwd><kwd>case report</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет средств гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-75-01137 (https://rscf.ru/project/23-75-01137).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 23-75-01137 (https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-75-01137).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cryer B, Barnett MA, Wagner J, Wilcox CM. 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