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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">safetyrisk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2312-7821</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1164</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/2312-7821-2026-14-3-290-301</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">safetyrisk-560</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ ТЕРАПИИ: ДАННЫЕ РЕАЛЬНОЙ ПРАКТИКИ, БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ, НОВЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OPTIMIZING PHARMACOTHERAPY: REAL-WORLD DATA, SAFETY, NEW APPROACHES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Бактериофаги при генерализованных инфекциях: обзор мирового опыта и перспектив фаготерапии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bacteriophages in Generalized Infections: A Review of Global Experience and Prospects for Phage Therapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8190-9299</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Парфенюк</surname><given-names>Р. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Parfenuk</surname><given-names>R. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Парфенюк Римма Леонтьевна, канд. биол. наук </p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rimma L. Parfenuk, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) </p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd., Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">parfenuk@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-4229</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казаков</surname><given-names>Р. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazakov</surname><given-names>R. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Казаков Руслан Евгеньевич, канд. биол. наук </p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ruslan E. Kazakov, Cand. Sci. (Biol.) </p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd., Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kazakov@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2845-1359</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дурманова</surname><given-names>З. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Durmanova</surname><given-names>Z. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дурманова Зоя Владимировна </p><p>Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zoya V. Durmanova </p><p>8/2 Petrovsky Blvd., Moscow 127051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">durmanova@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>290</fpage><lpage>301</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Парфенюк Р.Л., Казаков Р.Е., Дурманова З.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Парфенюк Р.Л., Казаков Р.Е., Дурманова З.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Parfenuk R.L., Kazakov R.E., Durmanova Z.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/view/560">https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/view/560</self-uri><abstract><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Генерализованные инфекции и рост антимикробной резистентности определяют необходимость поиска альтернативных стратегий терапии, одной из которых является фаготерапия. Однако в мировой практике сложились две принципиально различные модели ее применения при сепсисе и бактериемии. Их критическое сопоставление позволит выявить возможные направления развития фаготерапии в России.ЦЕЛЬ. На основе сравнительного анализа клинико-фармакологических и регуляторных моделей применения бактериофагов в Российской Федерации и за рубежом выявить ключевые барьеры, ограничивающиеиспользование фаготерапии при генерализованных инфекциях, и определить приоритетные направления для расширения практики фаготерапии этих состояний в России.ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ. Проведен обзор научных публикаций в базах MEDLINE и eLIBRARY.RU (до декабря 2025 г.), данных Государственного реестра лекарственных средств Российской Федерации, международного реестра ClinicalTrials.gov, а также регуляторных документов. Показано, что в США и Европе фаготерапия реализуется преимущественно в формате персонализированных высокоочищенных препаратов для внутривенного введения в рамках программ «расширенного доступа». Успешные клинические случаи при инфекционных процессах, вызванных Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, демонстрируют потенциал метода. Вместе с тем выявлены его критические ограничения: невозможность применения при остром сепсисе из-за длительности подбора коктейля (28–386 дней); неэффективность вследствие нестабильности титра (что стало причиной остановки исследования PhagoBurn) и иммунной нейтрализации бактериофагов. В Российской Федерации зарегистрировано 14 коммерческих препаратов бактериофагов, 11 из которых официально разрешены к применению при генерализованных инфекциях,но допустимо их использование только внутрь, местно и ректально; парентеральный путь введения нормативно не предусмотрен. Индивидуальный подбор фаговых коктейлей законодательно не разрешен; механизмы «расширенного доступа» отсутствуют; профильных рандомизированных исследований в России не проводилось. На основании сравнительного анализа выявлены основные ограничивающие использование фаготерапии барьеры: регуляторные (система регистрации требует новых рандомизированных клинических исследований при любом изменении состава) и технологические (отсутствие высокоочищенных форм для внутривенного введения, нестабильность титра).ВЫВОДЫ. Для расширения практики клинического применения в Российской Федерации бактериофагов при генерализованных инфекциях предложены следующие направления: разработка высокоочищенныхформ для внутривенного введения (и/или обоснование эффективности перорального пути введения в крупных исследованиях), регламентация процедур персонализированного подбора коктейлей под конкретныйизолят пациента, а также адаптация регуляторной базы для оперативного изменения и регистрации составов коктейлей бактериофагов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. Generalized infections and rising antimicrobial resistance necessitate the search for alternative therapeutic strategies, one of which is phage therapy. However, two fundamentally different models of its use for sepsis and bacteremia have emerged globally. A critical comparison of these models will help identify potential future directions for phage therapy in Russia.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM. The aim of this study was to identify, based on a comparative analysis of clinical-pharmacological and regulatory models for bacteriophage use in the Russian Federation and internationally, key barriers limiting the use of phage therapy for generalized infections, and to determine priority areas for expanding the use of phage therapy for these conditions in Russia.</p></sec><sec><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>DISCUSSION. A review of scientific publications in the MEDLINE and eLIBRARY.RU databases (up to December 2025), data from the State Register of Medicines of the Russian Federation, the international registry ClinicalTrials.gov, and regulatory documents was conducted. It was shown that in the United States and Europe phage therapy is implemented mainly in the form of personalized highly purified preparations for intravenous administration within the framework of “expanded access” programs. Successful clinical cases in infectious processes caused by Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecium, and Staphylococcus aureus demonstrate the potential of the method. At the same time, its critical limitations have been identified: the impossibility of use for acute sepsis due to the lengthy period of cocktail selection (28–386 days); inefficiency due to titer instability (which led to the termination of the PhagoBurn study) and immune neutralization of bacteriophages. In the Russian Federation, 14 commercial bacteriophage preparations are registered, 11 of which are officially approved for use in generalized infections, but their use is only permitted orally, topically, and rectally; parenteral administration is not provided for by regulations. Individual selection of phage cocktails is not permitted by law; there are no “expanded access” mechanisms; no specialized randomized trials have been conducted in Russia. A comparative analysis identified the main barriers limiting the use of phage therapy: regulatory (the registration system requires new randomized clinical trials for any change in composition) and technological (lack of highly purified forms for intravenous administration, titer instability).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS. To expand the clinical use of bacteriophages for generalized infections in the Russian Federation, the following areas are proposed: development of highly purified forms for intravenous administration (and/or demonstration of the efficacy of the oral route in large studies), regulation of procedures for personalized selection of cocktails for a patient-specific isolate, and adaptation of the regulatory framework for the rapid modification and registration of bacteriophage cocktail compositions.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бактериофаги</kwd><kwd>антимикробные препараты</kwd><kwd>генерализованные инфекции</kwd><kwd>бактериальные&#13;
инфекции</kwd><kwd>антимикробная резистентность</kwd><kwd>сепсис</kwd><kwd>персонализированная фаготерапия</kwd><kwd>адаптивная фаготерапия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bacteriophages</kwd><kwd>antimicrobial drugs</kwd><kwd>generalized infections</kwd><kwd>bacterial infections</kwd><kwd>antimicrobial&#13;
resistance</kwd><kwd>sepsis</kwd><kwd>personalized phage therapy</kwd><kwd>adaptive phage therapy</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «НЦЭСМП» Минздрава России № 056-00061- 26-00 на проведение прикладных научных исследований (номер государственного учета НИР 124022200103-5)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was performed within the framework of State Assignment No. 056-00061-26-00 of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for applied scientific research (state registration No. 124022200103-5)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verway M, Brown KA, Marchand-Austin A. 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