<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">safetyrisk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2312-7821</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2619-1164</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution ‘Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products’ of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (FSBI ‘SCEEMP’)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30895/2312-7821-2026-14-2-142-154</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">safetyrisk-599</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЛАВНАЯ ТЕМА: ПСИХОТРОПНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ФАРМАКОНАДЗОР: РИСКИ НЕЖЕЛАТЕЛЬНЫХ РЕАКЦИЙ, МЕТОДЫ ИХ ВЫЯВЛЕНИЯ И ПУТИ ПЕРСОНАЛИЗАЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MAIN TOPIC: PSYCHOTROPIC THERAPY AND PHARMACOVIGILANCE: RISKS OF ADVERSE REACTIONS, DETECTION METHODS, AND APPROACHES OF PERSONALIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Антипсихотик-индуцированные неврологические нежелательные реакции: частота, гипотезы, возможности коррекции (обзор)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Antipsychotic-Induced Neurological Adverse Drug Reactions: Frequency, Hypotheses, and Management (Review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2840-837X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шнайдер</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shnayder</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шнайдер Наталья Алексеевна, д-р мед. наук, профессор </p><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 3, Санкт-Петербург, 192019; ул. Партизана Железняка, д. 1, г. Красноярск, 660022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia А. Shnayder, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p><p>3 Bekhterev St., St Petersburg 192019; 1 Partizan Zheleznyak St., Krasnoyarsk 660022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nataliashnayder@bekhterev.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6045-3906</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ширукова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shirukova</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ширукова Асият Мухтаровна </p><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 3, Санкт-Петербург, 192019</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Asiyat M. Shirukova </p><p>3 Bekhterev St., St Petersburg 192019</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1874-9434</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Насырова</surname><given-names>Р. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasyrova</surname><given-names>R. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Насырова Регина Фаритовна, д-р мед. наук </p><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 3, Санкт-Петербург, 192019; пр-т Ленина, д. 40, г. Барнаул, 656038</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Regina F. Nasyrova, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p><p>3 Bekhterev St., St Petersburg 192019; 40 Lenin Ave., Barnaul 656038</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0242-5937</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кайсинова</surname><given-names>Е. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaisinova</surname><given-names>E. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кайсинова Евгения Константиновна </p><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 3, Санкт-Петербург, 192019</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Eugenia K. Kaisinova </p><p>3 Bekhterev St., St Petersburg 192019</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8777-1055</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абраменко</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abramenko</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Абраменко Анастасия Александровна </p><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 3, Санкт-Петербург, 192019</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasiia A. Abramenko </p><p>3 Bekhterev St., St Petersburg 192019</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8273-6025</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глущенко</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Glushchenko</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Глущенко Екатерина Ильинична</p><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 3, Санкт-Петербург, 192019</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina I. Glushchenko </p><p>3 Bekhterev St., St Petersburg 192019</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0357-6060</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бойко</surname><given-names>И. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boyko</surname><given-names>I. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бойко Ирина Романовна </p><p>ул. Бехтерева, д. 3, Санкт-Петербург, 192019</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina R. Boyko </p><p>3 Bekhterev St., St Petersburg 192019</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт персонализированной психиатрии и неврологии, федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; &#13;
Центр коллективного пользования «Молекулярные и клеточные технологии», федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology; &#13;
Shared Core Facilities “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт персонализированной психиатрии и неврологии, федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт персонализированной психиатрии и неврологии, федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; &#13;
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Алтайский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology; &#13;
Altay State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>142</fpage><lpage>154</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шнайдер Н.А., Ширукова А.М., Насырова Р.Ф., Кайсинова Е.К., Абраменко А.А., Глущенко Е.И., Бойко И.Р., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шнайдер Н.А., Ширукова А.М., Насырова Р.Ф., Кайсинова Е.К., Абраменко А.А., Глущенко Е.И., Бойко И.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shnayder N.A., Shirukova A.M., Nasyrova R.F., Kaisinova E.K., Abramenko A.A., Glushchenko E.I., Boyko I.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/view/599">https://www.risksafety.ru/jour/article/view/599</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>ВВЕДЕНИЕ</title><p>ВВЕДЕНИЕ. Неврологические нежелательные реакции, вызванные антипсихотиками (АП), способны снижать эффективность лечения расстройств шизофренического спектра и ухудшать качество жизни пациентов. Широкое применение АП делает данную проблему крайне актуальной.</p></sec><sec><title>ЦЕЛЬ</title><p>ЦЕЛЬ. Обобщение данных о частоте, гипотезах развития, возможностях предотвращения и коррекции антипсихотик-индуцированных неврологических нежелательных реакций для оптимизации терапии расстройств шизофренического спектра.</p></sec><sec><title>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ</title><p>ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ. Проведен анализ научной литературы с использованием баз данных PubMed, eLIBRARY.RU, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Lens.org за период 2020–2025 гг. Установлено, что частота неврологических нежелательных реакций у пациентов, принимающих АП первой (АП1), второй (АП2) и третьей (АП3) генераций, различна. Для АП1 характерна высокая частота острых экстрапирамидных симптомов: акатизии (14–35%), паркинсонизма (18,5–51,3%), острой дистонии (1,4–60%), гиперпролактинемии (40–70%). Ключевым преимуществом АП2 и АП3 является значительное снижение риска развития экстрапирамидного синдрома, хотя частота тардивной дискинезии и острой акатизии сохраняется на прежнем уровне. За счет аффинности к холинергическим рецепторам АП2 и АП3 могут оказывать большее негативное влияние на высшие корковые функции, чем АП1, способствуя ухудшению когнитивного функционирования.</p></sec><sec><title>ВЫВОДЫ</title><p>ВЫВОДЫ. Исследования последнего десятилетия демонстрируют тенденцию к изменению структуры АП-индуцированных неврологических нежелательных реакций на фоне все более широкого применения АП2 и АП3 в клинической психиатрии. Персонализированный подход к выбору АП и его дозы, включая оценку холинергической нагрузки, терапевтический лекарственный мониторинг и фармакогенетическое тестирование, могут помочь в достижении оптимального баланса между эффективностью и безопасностью психофармакотерапии.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>INTRODUCTION. The widespread use of antipsychotics (APs) makes the issue of antipsychotic-induced neurological adverse drug reactions clinically significant, as these reactions can limit the effectiveness of therapy for schi­zophrenia spectrum disorders and impair patients’ quality of life.</p></sec><sec><title>AIM</title><p>AIM. To critically evaluate current evidence on the frequency, underlying hypotheses, and strategies for the prevention and management of antipsychotic-induced neurological adverse drug reactions to optimize the treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.</p></sec><sec><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>DISCUSSION. A review of the scientific literature was conducted using the PubMed, eLIBRARY.RU, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Lens.org databases for the period 2020–2025. The frequency of neurological adverse drug reactions was found to vary among patients taking first-generation (AP1s), second-generation (AP2s), and third-generation (AP3s) antipsychotics. AP1s are characterized by a high incidence of acute extrapyramidal symptoms, including akathisia (14–35%), parkinsonism (18.5–51.3%), acute dystonia (1.4–60%), and hyperprolactinemia (40–70%). A key advantage of AP2s and AP3s is a significantly reduced risk of extrapyramidal syndrome, although the frequency of tardive dyskinesia and acute akathisia remains comparable to that observed with AP1s. Due to their affinity for cholinergic receptors, AP2s and AP3s may exert a greater negative impact on higher cortical functions compared to AP1s, potentially contributing to cognitive impairment.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>CONCLUSIONS. Research from the last decade indicates a trend toward a changing profile of antipsychotic-induced neurological adverse reactions, coinciding with the increasingly widespread use of AP2s and AP3s in clinical psychiatry. A personalized approach to the choice of AP and its dose, including assessment of anticholinergic burden, therapeutic drug monitoring, and pharmacogenetic testing, can help achieve an optimal balance between the effectiveness and safety of psychopharmacotherapy.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антипсихотик</kwd><kwd>неврологическая нежелательная реакция</kwd><kwd>неврологическая двигательная реакция</kwd><kwd>дистония</kwd><kwd>дискинезия</kwd><kwd>паркинсонизм</kwd><kwd>акатизия</kwd><kwd>злокачественный нейролептический синдром</kwd><kwd>когнитивное расстройство</kwd><kwd>деменция</kwd><kwd>безопасность лекарственных средств</kwd><kwd>терапевтический лекарственный мониторинг</kwd><kwd>фармакогенетическое тестирование</kwd><kwd>нарративный обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>antipsychotic</kwd><kwd>neurological adverse drug reaction</kwd><kwd>neurological motor reaction</kwd><kwd>dystonia</kwd><kwd>dyskinesia</kwd><kwd>parkinsonism</kwd><kwd>akathisia</kwd><kwd>neuroleptic malignant syndrome</kwd><kwd>cognitive disorder</kwd><kwd>dementia</kwd><kwd>drug safety</kwd><kwd>therapeutic drug monitoring</kwd><kwd>pharmacogenetic testing</kwd><kwd>narrative review</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was performed without external funding</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балашова АВ, Мамлеева ДВ, Мачехина ЛВ и др. Метаболические последствия антипсихотической терапии: состояние проблемы и возможные пути ее решения. Ожирение и метаболизм. 2022;19(4):431–41. https://doi.org/10.14341/omet12935</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balashova AV, Mamleeva DV, Machekhina LV, et al. Metabolic adverse effects of antipsychotics: The state of the problem and management options. Obesity and Metabolism. 2022;19(4):431–41 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14341/omet12935</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Newman H, Branford D, Laugharne R, et al. Twenty-five year trend in antipsychotic medication prescribing in England: Challenges and opportunities. BJPsych Open. 2025;11(4):e151. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10073</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Newman H, Branford D, Laugharne R, et al. Twenty-five year trend in antipsychotic medication prescribing in England: Challenges and opportunities. BJPsych Open. 2025;11(4):e151. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10073</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conn KA, Burne THJ, Kesby JP. Subcortical dopamine and cognition in schizophrenia: Looking beyond psychosis in preclinical models. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:542. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00542</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conn KA, Burne THJ, Kesby JP. Subcortical dopamine and cognition in schizophrenia: looking beyond psychosis in preclinical models. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:542. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.00542</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сорокина ЮА, Мосина АА, Пономарев НА и др. Сравнение ответа на фармакотерапию нейролептиками разных поколений у пациентов с шизофренией. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал. 2022;2(116):149–55. https://doi.org/10.23670/IRJ.2022.116.2.059</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sorokina YuA, Mosina AA, Ponomarev NA, et al. Comparison of the response to pharmacotherapy with neuroleptics of different generations in patients with schizophrenia. International Scientific Research Journal. 2022;2(116):149–55 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.23670/IRJ.2022.116.2.059</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Данилов ДС. Классификация антипсихотических средств и их значение для выбора терапии шизофрении (к 60-летию появления нейролептиков). Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2011;111(10):91–100. EDN: PGECYN</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Danilov DS. Classification of antipsychotics and its importance for the choice of treatment of schizophrenia (to the 60th anniversary of the introduction of neuroleptics). S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2011;111(10):91–100 (In Russ.). EDN: PGECYN</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шнайдер НА, Вайман ЕЭ, Незнанов НГ, Насырова РФ. Фармакогенетика антипсихотик-индуцированных экстрапирамидных расстройств. СПб.: Издательство ДЕАН; 2021. EDN: HJCMCX</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shnayder NA, Vaiman EE, Neznanov NG, Nasyrova RF. Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal disorders. St Petersburg: DEAN Publishing House; 2021 (In Russ.). EDN: HJCMCX</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siafis S, Wu H, Wang D, et al. Antipsychotic dose, dopamine D2 receptor occupancy and extrapyramidal side-effects: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28(8):3267–77. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02203-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siafis S, Wu H, Wang D, et al. Antipsychotic dose, dopamine D2 receptor occupancy and extrapyramidal side-effects: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28(8):3267–77. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02203-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маслов КА. Корректоры лекарственно-индуцированных экстрапирамидных расстройств в России, в современной клинической практике врача-психиатра. Вопросы прикладного практического применения. Психиатрия и психофармакотерапия. 2022;24(1):26–32. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2020064</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maslov KA. Correctors of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders in Russia in modern clinical practice of a psychiatrist: Issues of applied practical application. Psychiatry and Psychopharmacotherapy. 2022;24(1):26–32 (In Russ.). EDN: PMHIHO</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao S, Xu Q, Han Y, et al. Relationship between cognitive impairments and psychopathological symptoms in female schizophrenia subsequent to 8 weeks treatment with antipsychotic drugs. BMC Psychiatry. 2025;25(1):211. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06605-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shnayder NA, Abdyrakhmanova AK, Nasyrova RF. Oxidation of antipsychotics. Encyclopedia. 2022;2(2):974–89. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2020064</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feber L, Peter NL, Chiocchia V, et al. Antipsychotic drugs and cognitive function: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024;82(1):47–56. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2890</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao S, Xu Q, Han Y, et al. Relationship between cognitive impairments and psychopathological symptoms in female schizophrenia subsequent to 8 weeks treatment with antipsychotic drugs. BMC Psychiatry. 2025;25(1):211. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06605-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ji Z, Yao F, Liu H, et al. Cognitive impairment and its influencing factors in patients with stable schizophrenia on regular medication: A real-world clinical study. BMC Psychiatry. 2025;25(1):819 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07297-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feber L, Peter NL, Chiocchia V, et al. Antipsychotic drugs and cognitive function: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024;82(1):47–56. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2890</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reimers A, Odin P, Ljung H. Drug-induced cognitive impairment. Drug Saf. 2025;48(4):339–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-024-01506-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ji Z, Yao F, Liu H, et al. Cognitive impairment and its influencing factors in patients with stable schizophrenia on regular medication: A real-world clinical study. BMC Psychiatry. 2025;25(1):819 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07297-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pais R, Ruano L, Carvalho OP, Barros H. Global cognitive impairment prevalence and incidence in community dwelling older adults: A systematic review. Geriatrics (Basel). 2020;5(4):84. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics5040084</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reimers A, Odin P, Ljung H. Drug-induced cognitive impairment. Drug Saf. 2025;48(4):339–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-024-01506-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Friedrich ME, Grohmann R, Rabl U, et al. Incidence of drug-induced delirium during treatment with antidepressants or antipsychotics: A drug surveillance report of German-speaking countries between 1993 and 2016. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2022;25(7):556–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyac005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pais R, Ruano L, Carvalho OP, Barros H. Global cognitive impairment prevalence and incidence in community dwelling older adults: A systematic review. Geriatrics (Basel). 2020;5(4):84. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics5040084</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomlinson EJ, Schnitker LM, Casey PA. Exploring antipsychotic use for delirium management in adults in hospital, sub-acute rehabilitation and aged care settings: A systematic literature review. Drugs Aging. 2024;41(6):455–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-024-01122-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Friedrich ME, Grohmann R, Rabl U, et al. Incidence of drug-induced delirium during treatment with antidepressants or antipsychotics: A drug surveillance report of German-speaking countries between 1993 and 2016. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2022;25(7):556–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyac005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haddad C, Salameh P, Sacre H, et al. Effects of antipsychotic and anticholinergic medications on cognition in chronic patients with schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23(1):61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04552-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomlinson EJ, Schnitker LM, Casey PA. Exploring antipsychotic use for delirium management in adults in hospital, sub-acute rehabilitation and aged care settings: A systematic literature review. Drugs Aging. 2024;41(6):455–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-024-01122-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma LY, Ou YN, Gao PY, et al. Associations between antipsychotics exposure and dementia risk: A prospective cohort study of 415,100 participants. J Affect Disord. 2024;349:201–09. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haddad C, Salameh P, Sacre H, et al. Effects of antipsychotic and anticholinergic medications on cognition in chronic patients with schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23(1):61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04552-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тумова МА, Степанова АА, Зазулина ЮС и др. Влияние антипсихотической и антихолинергической терапии на когнитивные функции у больных шизофренией. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2023;123(7):80–5. EDN: TCKMGI</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma LY, Ou YN, Gao PY, et al. Associations between antipsychotics exposure and dementia risk: A prospective cohort study of 415,100 participants. J Affect Disord. 2024;349:201–09. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петрова НН, Дорофейкова МВ. Механизмы развития нейрокогнитивного дефицита при шизофрении и современные подходы к терапии. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2014;114(11):116–23. EDN: TGMIEZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tumova MA, Stepanova AA, Zazulina YuS, et al. Influence of antipsychotic and anticholinergic therapy on cognitive functions in patients with schizophrenia. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2023;123(7):80–5 (In Russ.). EDN: TCKMGI</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Osugo M, Zahid U, Selvaggi P, et al. Effects of antipsychotics on human cognitive function: Causal evidence from healthy volunteers following sustained D2/D3 antagonism, D2/D3 partial agonism and placebo. Mol Psychiatry. 2025;30:5315–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03116-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrova NN, Dorofeikova MV. Mechanisms of neurocognitive deficit development in schizophrenia and modern approaches to therapy. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2014;114(11):116–23 (In Russ.). EDN: TGMIEZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калитин КЮ, Спасов АА, Муха ОЮ и др. Фармакологические мишени и механизм действия антипсихотических средств в рамках нейрохимической теории патогенеза шизофрении. Российский физиологический журнал им. И.М. Сеченова. 2021;107(8):927–54. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869813921080070</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osugo M, Zahid U, Selvaggi P, et al. Effects of antipsychotics on human cognitive function: Causal evidence from healthy volunteers following sustained D2/D3 antagonism, D2/D3 partial agonism and placebo. Mol Psychiatry. 2025;30:5315–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03116-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allott K, Chopra S, Rogers J, et al. Advancing understanding of the mechanisms of antipsychotic-associated cognitive impairment to minimise harm: A call to action. Mol Psychiatry. 2024;29:2571–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02503-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalitin KYu, Spasov AA, Mukha OYu, et al. Pharmacological targets and mechanism of action of antipsychotics within the neurochemical theory of schizophrenia pathogenesis. Russian Journal of Physiology named after I.M. Sechenov. 2021;107(8):927–54 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869813921080070</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Остроумова ОД, Куликова МИ, Остроумова ТМ и др. Лекарственно-индуцированные когнитивные нарушения. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2022;12(3):11–8. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2020-3-11-18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allott K, Chopra S, Rogers J, et al. Advancing understanding of the mechanisms of antipsychotic-associated cognitive impairment to minimise harm: A call to action. Mol Psychiatry. 2024;29:2571–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02503-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jalouli M, Rahman MA, Biswas P, et al. Targeting natural antioxidant polyphenols to protect neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases: A comprehensive review. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1492517. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1492517</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostroumova OD, Kulikova MI, Ostroumova TM, et al. Drug-induced cognitive impairment. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2022;12(3):11–8 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2020-3-11-18</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шнайдер НА, Насырова РФ, Пекарец НА, и др. Циркулирующие микроРНК — перспективные биомаркеры для оценки риска развития антипсихотик-индуцированного метаболического синдрома (обзор): часть 2. Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии. 2025;13(4):394–410. https://doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2025-499</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jalouli M, Rahman MA, Biswas P, et al. Targeting natural antioxidant polyphenols to protect neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases: A comprehensive review. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1492517. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1492517</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nasyrova RF, Shnayder NA, Osipova SM, et al. Genetic predictors of antipsychotic efflux impairment via blood-brain barrier: Role of transport proteins. Genes (Basel). 2023;14(5):1085. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14051085</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shnayder NA, Nasyrova RF, Pekarets NA, et al. Circulating micro-RNAs as promising biomarkers for assessing the risk of antipsychotic-induced metabolic syndrome (review): Part 2. Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy. 2025;13(4):394–410 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2025-499</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shettima FB, Wakil MA, Sheikh TL, et al. Antipsychotics-related hyperprolactinaemia among patients with schizophrenia in Maiduguri. S Afr J Psychiatr. 2024;30:2133. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v30i0.2133</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasyrova RF, Shnayder NA, Osipova SM, et al. Genetic predictors of antipsychotic efflux impairment via blood-brain barrier: Role of transport proteins. Genes (Basel). 2023;14(5):1085. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14051085</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Евсегнеев РА. Гиперпролактинемия, вызванная антипсихотиками. Психиатрия, психотерапия и клиническая психология. 2020;11(2):297–307. https://doi.org/10.34883/PI.2020.11.2.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shettima FB, Wakil MA, Sheikh TL, et al. Antipsychotics-related hyperprolactinaemia among patients with schizophrenia in Maiduguri. S Afr J Psychiatr. 2024;30:2133. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v30i0.2133</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang B, Liu X, Chen W, et al. Effects of androgen replacement therapy on cognitive function in patients with hypogonadism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Rep. 2025;22(6):105. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1983</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evsegneev RA. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology. 2020;11(2):297–307 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.34883/PI.2020.11.2.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Z, Kang D, Li H. Testosterone and cognitive impairment or dementia in middle-aged or aging males: Causation and intervention, a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2021;34(5):405–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988720933351</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang B, Liu X, Chen W, et al. Effects of androgen replacement therapy on cognitive function in patients with hypogonadism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed Rep. 2025;22(6):105. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2025.1983</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bidarolli M, Das B, Rawat VS, et al. Polypharmacy and anticholinergic burden scales in older adults: A cross-sectional study among psychiatric outpatients in a tertiary care hospital. BMC Geriatr. 2025;25(1):43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-05584-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Z, Kang D, Li H. Testosterone and cognitive impairment or dementia in middle-aged or aging males: Causation and intervention, a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2021;34(5):405–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891988720933351</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gebru WA, Asfaw GK, Berhe KT, et al. Predictors of extrapyramidal side effects among patients taking antipsychotic medication at Mekelle psychiatry units, Northern Ethiopia, 2023: Unmatched case-control study. BMC Psychiatry. 2025;25(1):837. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07202-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bidarolli M, Das B, Rawat VS, et al. Polypharmacy and anticholinergic burden scales in older adults: A cross-sectional study among psychiatric outpatients in a tertiary care hospital. BMC Geriatr. 2025;25(1):43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-05584-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rissardo JP, Vora N, Mathew B, et al. Overview of movement disorders secondary to drugs. Clin Pract. 2023;13(4):959–76. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract13040087</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gebru WA, Asfaw GK, Berhe KT, et al. Predictors of extrapyramidal side effects among patients taking antipsychotic medication at Mekelle psychiatry units, Northern Ethiopia, 2023: unmatched case-control study. BMC Psychiatry. 2025;25(1):837. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07202-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Остроумова ТМ, Толмачева ВА, Остроумова ОД и др. Лекарственная дистония. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2020;12(5):4–8. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2020-5-4-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rissardo JP, Vora N, Mathew B, et al. Overview of movement disorders secondary to drugs. Clin Pract. 2023;13(4):959–76. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract13040087</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maguire P.A., Brazel M., Looi J.C.L. Antipsychotic-induced acute laryngeal dystonia: A systematic review of case reports. Schizophr Res. 2024; 264:248–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.032</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostroumova TM, Tolmacheva VA, Ostroumova OD, et al. Drug-induced dystonia. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2020;12(5):4–8 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2020-5-4-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fariba KA, Estevez R. Tardive dystonia. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. PMID: 32644445</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maguire P.A., Brazel M., Looi J.C.L. Antipsychotic-induced acute laryngeal dystonia: A systematic review of case reports. Schizophr Res. 2024; 264:248–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.032</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Munipati D, Tikka SK, Malathesh BC, et al. Antipsychotic-induced tardive lingual dystonia presenting with bradycardia. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2024;26(6):24cr03781. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.24cr03781</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fariba KA, Estevez R. Tardive dystonia. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. PMID: 32644445</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balcerzak W, Gorzkowska A, Konieczna M, et al. Drug-induced parkinsonism or Parkinson’s disease: A diagnostic challenge in a psychiatric patient. Cureus. 2025;17(7):e88177. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.88177</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Munipati D, Tikka SK, Malathesh BC, et al. Antipsychotic-induced tardive lingual dystonia presenting with bradycardia. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2024;26(6):24cr03781. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.24cr03781</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шнайдер НА, Вайман ЕЭ, Насырова РФ. Антипсихотик-индуцированный паркинсонизм: шкала оценки риска и алгоритм персонализированной диагностики. Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии. 2025;13(1):70–85. https://doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2024-418</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balcerzak W, Gorzkowska A, Konieczna M, et al. Drug-induced parkinsonism or Parkinson’s disease: A diagnostic challenge in a psychiatric patient. Cureus. 2025;17(7):e88177. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.88177</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вайман ЕЭ, Шнайдер НА, Незнанов НГ, Насырова РФ. Лекарственно-индуцированный паркинсонизм. Социальная и клиническая психиатрия. 2021;31(1):96–103. EDN: MWEAHI</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shnayder NA, Vaiman EE, Nasyrova RF. Antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism: A risk assessment scale and personalized diagnosis algorithm. Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy. 2025;13(1):70–85 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2024-418</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Остроумова ТМ, Остроумова ОД, Соловьева АС. Лекарственный паркинсонизм. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2021;13(6):91–7. https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-6-91-97</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaiman EE, Shnayder NA, Neznanov NG, Nasyrova RF. Drug-induced parkinsonism. Social and Clinical Psychiatry. 2021;31(1):96–103 (In Russ.). EDN: MWEAHI</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gerolymos C, Barazer R, Yon DK, et al. Drug efficacy in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced akathisia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(3):e241527. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.1527</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostroumova TM, Ostroumova OD, Soloveva AS. Drug-induced parkinsonism. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2021;13(6):91–7 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-6-91-97</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu H, Siafis S, Wang D, et al. Antipsychotic-induced akathisia in adults with acute schizophrenia: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2023;72:40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.03.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerolymos C, Barazer R, Yon DK, et al. Drug efficacy in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced akathisia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(3):e241527. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.1527</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bjarke J, Gjerde HN, Jørgensen HA, et al. Akathisia and atypical antipsychotics: Relation to suicidality, agitation and depression in a clinical trial. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2022;34(5):282–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2022.9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu H, Siafis S, Wang D, et al. Antipsychotic-induced akathisia in adults with acute schizophrenia: a systematic review and dose-¬response meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2023;72:40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.03.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никитина АЮ, Левин ОС. Современные подходы к предупреждению и лечению лекарственных дискинезий. Современная терапия в психиатрии и неврологии. 2021;(1–2):27–35. EDN: IDEXLO</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bjarke J, Gjerde HN, Jørgensen HA, et al. Akathisia and atypical antipsychotics: Relation to suicidality, agitation and depression in a clinical trial. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2022;34(5):282–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2022.9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров ДВ, Буряк ЮВ, Михайлов ВА. Поздние (тардивные) нейролептик-индуцированные дискинезии. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2022;122(1):31–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikitina AYu, Levin OS. Current approaches to prevention and treatment of drug-induced dyskinesias. Modern Therapy in Psychiatry and Neurology. 2021;(1–2):27–35 (In Russ.). EDN: IDEXLO</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zakharov DV, Buryak YuV, Mikhailov VA. Tardive neuroleptic-induced dyskinesias. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2022;122(1):31–5 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202212201131</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharov DV, Buryak YuV, Mikhailov VA. Tardive neuroleptic-induced dyskinesias. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2022;122(1):31–5 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202212201131</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mori Y, Takeuchi H, Tsutsumi Y. Current perspectives on the epidemiology and burden of tardive dyskinesia: A focused review of the clinical situation in Japan. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2022;12:20451253221139608. https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253221139608</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mori Y, Takeuchi H, Tsutsumi Y. Current perspectives on the epidemiology and burden of tardive dyskinesia: A focused review of the clinical situation in Japan. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2022;12:20451253221139608. https://doi.org/10.1177/20451253221139608</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hauser RA, Meyer JM, Factor SA, et al. Differentiating tardive dyskinesia: A video-based review of antipsychotic-induced movement disorders in clinical practice. CNS Spectr. 2022;27(2):208–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S109285292000200X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hauser RA, Meyer JM, Factor SA, et al. Differentiating tardive dyskinesia: a video-based review of antipsychotic-induced movement disorders in clinical practice. CNS Spectr. 2022;27(2):208–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S109285292000200X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caroff SN, Yeomans K, Lenderking WR, et al. RE-KINECT: A prospective study of the presence and healthcare burden of tardive dyskinesia in clinical practice settings. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020;40(3):259–68. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001201</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caroff SN, Yeomans K, Lenderking WR, et al. RE-KINECT: A prospective study of the presence and healthcare burden of tardive dyskinesia in clinical practice settings. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020;40(3):259–68. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001201</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вайман ЕЭ, Шнайдер НА, Архипов ВВ и др. Злокачественный нейролептический синдром. Современная терапия психических расстройств. 2020;(4):13–21. https://doi.org/10.21265/PSYPH.2020.22.61.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaiman EE, Shnayder NA, Arkhipov VV, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Modern Therapy of Mental Disorders. 2020;(4):13–21 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21265/PSYPH.2020.22.61.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балышев ОО, Ляшенко СВ, Киндигилян ЮЛ, Бельская ВС. Факторы развития летального исхода при злокачественном нейролептическом синдроме. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2023;(3):54–8. https://doi.org/10.17116/anaesthesiology202303154</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balyshev OO, Lyashenko SV, Kindigilyan YuL, Belskaya VS. Risk factors for fatal outcome in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Russian Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology. 2023;(3):54–8 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/anaesthesiology202303154</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mogollon Diaz JP, Lizcano Toloza LY, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with atypical antipsychotics: A case report. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2023;52(1):78–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcpeng.2023.03.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mogollon Diaz JP, Lizcano Toloza LY, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with atypical antipsychotics: A case report. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2023;52(1):78–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcpeng.2023.03.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simon LV, Hashmi MF, Callahan AL. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. PMID: 29489248</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simon LV, Hashmi MF, Callahan AL. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. PMID: 29489248</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boyko IR, Shnayder NA, Grechkina VV, et al. Frequency of “poor transporter” phenotype among patients with mental disorders: Pilot study. Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology. 2024;4(3):37–44. https://doi.org/10.52667/2712-9179-2024-4-3-37-44</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boyko IR, Shnayder NA, Grechkina VV, et al. Frequency of “poor transporter” phenotype among patients with mental disorders: Pilot study. Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology. 2024;4(3):37–44. https://doi.org/10.52667/2712-9179-2024-4-3-37-44</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shnayder NA, Abdyrakhmanova AK, Nasyrova RF. Phase I of antipsychotics metabolism and its pharmacogenetic testing. Pers Psych Neurol. 2022;2(1):4–21. https://doi.org/10.52667/2712-9179-2022-2-1-4-21</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shnayder NA, Abdyrakhmanova AK, Nasyrova RF. Phase I of antipsychotics metabolism and its pharmacogenetic testing. Pers Psych Neurol. 2022;2(1):4–21. https://doi.org/10.52667/2712-9179-2022-2-1-4-21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sissung TM, Troutman SM, Campbell TJ, et al. Transporter pharmacogenetics: Transporter polymorphisms affect normal physiology, diseases, and pharmacotherapy. Discov Med. 2012;13(68):19–34. PMID: 22284781</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sissung TM, Troutman SM, Campbell TJ, et al. Transporter pharmacogenetics: transporter polymorphisms affect normal physiology, diseases, and pharmacotherapy. Discov Med. 2012;13(68):19–34. PMID: 22284781</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mancini V, Latreche C, Fanshawe JB, et al. Anticholinergic burden and cognitive function in psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2025;182(4):349–59 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20240260</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mancini V, Latreche C, Fanshawe JB, et al. Anticholinergic burden and cognitive function in psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2025;182(4):349–59 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20240260</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Объедков ИВ, Скугаревская ММ, Копытов АВ и др. Клиническое значение нейропсихологических и психофизиологических показателей при параноидной шизофрении. Военная медицина. 2019;2:53–9. EDN: ZVPXSN</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obyedkov IV, Skugarevskaya MM, Kopytov AV, et al. Clinical significance of neuropsychological and psychophysiological indicators in paranoid schizophrenia. Military Medicine. 2019;2:53–9 (In Russ.). EDN: ZVPXSN</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сычев ДА, Орехов РЕ. Шкала антихолинергической нагрузки как метод борьбы с полипрагмазией у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста. 2016;25(4):81–4. EDN: UPJEBT</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sychev DA, Orekhov RE. Anticholinergic burden scale as a method to combat polypharmacy in elderly and senile patients. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy. 2016;25(4):81–4 (In Russ.). ¬EDN: ¬UPJEBT</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luykx JJ, Correll CU, Manu P, et al. Pneumonia risk, antipsychotic dosing, and anticholinergic burden in schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024;81(10):967–75. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.1441</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luykx JJ, Correll CU, Manu P, et al. Pneumonia risk, antipsychotic dosing, and anticholinergic burden in schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024;81(10):967–75. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.1441</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мирошниченко ИИ, Баймеева НВ, Платова АИ, Каледа ВГ. Терапевтический лекарственный мониторинг антипсихотических препаратов в повседневной психиатрической практике. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2023;123(5):145–52.https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2023123051145</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miroshnichenko II, Baymeeva NV, Platova AI, Kaleda VG. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antipsychotic drugs in routine psychiatric practice. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2023;123(5):145–52 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2023123051145</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
